浙江省三门县沿海地区人群血液和尿液中33种元素的生物监测(英文)

目的确立华东典型沿海地区浙江省三门县一般人群血液和尿液中33种元素(Ag、Al、As、Au、B、Ba、Be、Ca、Cd、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、Fe、Ga、Hg、Li、Mg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Rb、Sb、Se、Sr、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、Zn和Zr)的正常值参考范围。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测272例血液样本和300例尿液样本中33种元素。采用SPSS 17.0软件对所得数据进行正态性检验,将所得数据与已有文献报道进行对比。结果建立了三门县一般人群血液和尿液中33种元素的正常值参考范围,其中Co、Cu、Mn和Sr等元素的正常值参考范围与其他报道相似,而As、Cd、Hg和Pb与其他研究报道存在差异,一般为高于其他报道,而血液中的Ba元素在各国文献报道之间差异较大。结论建立了三门县人群血液和尿液中33种元素的正常值参考范围,并成功应用于两例中毒案例的检测。     

家兔眼玻璃体液21例元素含量PMI关系的研究

目的寻找一种精确推定PMI的方法。方法应用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS),系统研究了家兔死后96h内眼玻璃体液21种元素含量与PMI的相关性。结果眼玻璃体液Co、Mo、Cd、Sb、I、Pb、Bi、Li共8种元素与PMI无关。K、Mg、Fe、P、Na、Al、Ca、Ti、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ba共13种元素含量与PMI有关。结论眼玻璃体液K、Mg、Fe、P、Na、Al、Ca、Ti、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ba共13种元素与PMI有关。为研究人尸体眼玻璃体液元素与PMI的关系奠定了选择指标的基础。     

血液中Cr、Cd、As、Tl和Pb的电感耦合等离子体质谱分析

目的 建立血液中Cr、Cd、As、Tl和Pb的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析方法. 方法血液采用微波消解仪进行处理,以115In元素作内标,使用ICP-MS方法对血液中Cr、Cd、As、Tl和Pb进行分析.结果 方法检出限为0.00001～0.00249μg/L,准确度为90.1%～110.7%,精密度为4.0%～7.9%. 结论建立的方法准确、快速、线性范围宽、灵敏度高,适用于Cr、Cd、As、Tl和Pb中毒案件的检测.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测电流损伤皮肤中金属元素

目的探讨应用电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)技术检测电流损伤皮肤中金属元素的可行性,建立检测电流损伤皮肤中金属元素的方法。方法用黄铜、紫铜、铝、铁电极材料以220V交流电电击家兔后肢,ICP-MS对电流损伤皮肤中金属元素进行检测。结果与对照组比较:黄铜电击组皮肤中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb含量升高(P0.05),紫铜电击组皮肤中的Cr、Cu、Pb含量升高(P0.05),铝电击组皮肤中的Al、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Pb含量升高(P0.05),铁电击组皮肤中的Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni含量升高(P0.05)。不同电极材料电击后皮肤中元素种类及含量也存在明显差异。结论ICP-MS可作为检测电流损伤皮肤中金属元素的有效方法,且可应用于触电材料的推断。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱在白酒检验中的应用研究

目的 为了准确检验和区分不同的白酒,利用电感耦合等离子质谱法同时定量检测白酒中多种微量元素,根据多个元素含量参数对白酒样品进行分类,以实现对不同白酒的有效区分。方法 在优化的ICP-MS检测条件下,用标准溶液建立7Li、39K、51V、63Cu、75As、88Sr、208Pb 7种元素在确定范围内的标准工作曲线。用移液枪取待测白酒样品20mL于烧杯中,加热挥发至一定量后,用光谱纯硝酸消解,超纯水定容,然后用ICP-MS进行检测。利用所建立的标准工作曲线,计算出白酒中这7种元素的含量。结合21种常见白酒中不同元素的含量和ICP-MS方法参数,将不同元素含量划分为不同的区间范围,并根据不同白酒中元素含量对其进行归类编码。结果 将每种元素的含量范围划分为4个区间范围,分别记为A、B、C、D,并根据白酒中7Li、39K、51V、63Cu、75As、88Sr、208Pb 7种元素的含量所在的区间范围确定该种白酒的7位编码,通过比对21种常见白酒的编码,可以清晰准确地将这些白酒进行区分。结论 本文所采用的ICP-MS方法精密度好、可同时对多种元素进行定量检测,结合白酒中多元素含量分类方法,能够准确区分不同种类的白酒,因此可以广泛地应用于假冒伪劣白酒的检验鉴定。     

微波消解ICP/AES标准加入法测定尿液中金属毒物

目的建立微波消解ICP/AES标准加入法测定尿液中As、Ba、Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn、Sb金属毒物。方法取1.0mL尿样,加入3mL浓硝酸和0.5mL双氧水,进行微波消解。冷却后,用2%的硝酸定容至10.0mL。采用标准加入ICP/AES法进行定量分析,并优选实验条件及考察方法可靠性。结果尿液中As、Ba、Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn、Sb回收率在98.6%～104%之间;检出限在2.0～5.1ng/mL之间;线性范围Zn为5.0～200.0μg/mL,其余元素为0.5～20.0μg/mL。采用本文方法测定与国家标准物质人发和牛肝数据测定值基本一致。结论该方法回收率高、检测限低、能多元素同时测定,可以用于尿液中金属元素的检测。     

甲醛溶液固定对ICP-MS检测电流损伤皮肤金属化的影响

目的探讨应用电感耦合等离子体质谱（inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry ICP-MS）技术检测甲醛溶液固定后电流损伤皮肤中金属元素。方法利用黄铜、铁电极材料以220V交流电电击兔子后肢,电损伤皮肤分别进行甲醛溶液固定1周、6个月后,应用ICP-MS对电流损伤皮肤中金属元素进行测定。结果与对照组皮肤比较,黄铜电击组皮肤中检测出Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb含量升高（P〈0.05）;固定1周、6个月后仍可检测出Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb成分,其中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb含量电击组与固定组差异无统计学意义。与对照组比较,铁电击后皮肤中检测出Fe、Cr、Mn、Ni元素含量升高（P〈0.05）;固定组（1周和6个月）后Fe、Cr、Ni元素含量与电击组差异无统计学意义。结论 ICP-MS可作为检测电流损伤皮肤中金属元素的有效方法,甲醛溶液固定后触电皮肤仍可进行沉积的金属元素检测,且固定对皮肤金属元素的含量影响较小,该方法仍可为电流损伤诊断提供依据。     

汉族人肩、髋关节活动范围及与年龄、性别间的关系

目的探讨汉族人肩、髋两大关节的活动范围(range of motion,ROM)与现行《法医临床检验规范SF/ZJD0103003-2011》的差异性,并初步阐明性别、年龄因素对其ROM产生的影响。方法法医临床案件中选取仅单侧肩或髋关节受伤的汉族样本案例,将其健侧关节的ROM与现行标准《法医临床检验规范SF/ZJD0103003-2011》中的参考值的平均值进行比较分析,并对比该侧的不同年龄段(0~25岁、26~40岁、41~50岁、51~60岁及60岁以上)及性别间的差异。结果正常人体肩、髋关节的ROM的实际值与标准中参考值的平均值有较大的差异;5个不同年龄段肩、髋关节的部分方向ROM正常值存在差异且均随年龄的增长呈进行性下降的趋势。50岁以上人群在肩关节外展上举和髋关节内收、外旋等部分方向ROM正常值存在性别差异。结论正常汉族人肩、髋关节ROM存在年龄差异性,性别差异在50岁以上人群中较为明显。《法医临床检验规范SF/Z JD0103003-2011》标准所提供的参考值范围与实测值存在一定的差异。     

南通汉族人群17个Y-STR基因座的遗传多态性

目的分析南通汉族人群的基因表型,评测17个Y-STR基因座在南通人群中的应用价值。方法采集343名南通汉族男性无关个体的外周血样本,通过Chelex-100法提取基因组DNA,用Amp FlSTR Yfiler~(TM)试剂盒进行基因分型,并与12个汉族人群[安徽、江苏、江西、山东、上海、浙江(1)、兰州、南阳、泸州、牡丹江、山西和浙江(2)]以及9个少数民族人群(蒙古族、锡伯族、拉萨藏族、青海藏族、哈萨克族、维吾尔族、满族、台湾排湾族和土家族)进行比较。结果南通汉族群体在17个Y-STR基因座共检出327种单倍型,单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,HD)值为0.999 7,与其他人群间的R_(st)值范围为-0.000 6~0.263 5。多维尺度图结果显示南通汉族人群与大多数汉族人群之间差异无统计学意义,但明显有别于其他少数民族人群。结论 17个Y-STR基因座在南通汉族人群中的群体多态性高,具有法医学应用价值。     

自杀方式与性别和年龄关系548例分析

目的分析国内5个城市地区采取不同自杀方式人群的性别和年龄特征。方法收集上海、金华、武汉、娄底、都匀城市地区警方处理的548例自杀案例,根据自杀方法将案件进行分类,研究各种自杀方法的人群年龄和性别特征,结果在各种自杀方式的年龄分析中,高坠和自缢的自杀者平均年龄最大(约55岁),溺水、自缢次之(约49岁)、口服毒物较为年轻(约45岁),而CO中毒自杀者平均年龄最小(约37岁)。在自杀方式的性别差异中,男性更多地出现了锐器自杀(52:24),自缢(67:33)和高坠(55:45),女性则在溺水自杀中占据多数(58:42)。结论每种自杀方式涉及到的人群的性别和年龄特征差异明显,CO中毒自杀的自杀者最为年轻;男性更倾向于用机械性损伤的方式来自杀。     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

当代国际行刑领域正在发生的变革

20世纪70年代由于监狱人满为患,重新犯罪率持续不降,很多国家开始在行刑领域进行改革。其基本内容包括:拓宽行刑目的,从矫正目的论发展到矫正、惩罚、帮助罪犯重返社会与剥夺多元目的论;改革监狱管理制度,从实施累进处遇制发展到推行危险管理制度;变革矫正制度,将"传统矫正"制度发展为"项目矫正"。我国需要研究国际社会在行刑领域的行刑变革理论与实践。     

德国土地征收中的公共利益

德国《基本法》第14条将所有权作为宪法基本权利予以保护。该条公共利益条款的本质出发点是保护私人所有权。公共利益概念在德国土地征收法上依据通说认为应作狭义理解,非所有公共利益均可满足征收法上的要件。部门法对公共利益有明确规定。学说和实务界对公共利益概念主要在负面达成了一致。就所谓的商业征收并未一般性否定。公共利益本身也与征收的必要性紧密相关。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

当前我国金融刑法中存在的问题探究

金融刑法是随着我国金融业的发展而逐步建立和发展起来的。到目前为止，我国已形成了较完备的金融刑法体系。由于我国金融业起步晚，发展远不够成熟，当前我国金融刑法中仍存在一些问题。本文试对我国金融刑法中金融犯罪的范围、金融刑法的罚金刑、金融犯罪的数罪并罚等问题略作探讨，以期对金融刑法的立法与司法有所裨益。     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.