Regulation and In-Company Environmental Management in the Netherlands*

This paper addresses the relationship between preventive systems of social control and regulation of the behavior of public bodies and private organizations. Illustrated with material on new developments in self-regulation concerning environmental management in companies in the Netherlands, the author argues that a combination of stimulated (or “regulated”) self-regulation and stringent enforcement policies is feasible and should lead to company compliance with environmental regulation. The article discusses the assertion that to reduce the social distance between government and individual citizen, between regulator and regulated, a mixture of policy instruments is needed, ergo: by involving societal groups of interested people in policy formation and self-regulation, enhancing the creation of normative systems (involvement “by association”) on the one hand and the availability of adequate law enforcement procedures on the other, corporations, through responsive government regulation, could promote an adequate and successful preventive system of social control.     

环境标准的规制能力再造——以对健康的保障为中心

保障人体健康应该作为环境法律的核心价值追求,而环境标准的性质和特征决定了环境法律保障人体健康的制度路径。但现实社会中,我国环境标准体系存在着内容缺失、灵魂缺失、定位不清、体系紊乱、思路偏差和观念滞后等弊端,决定了环境标准体系在保障人体健康中效果不佳。我们应相应地完善我国环境标准体系中以有效保障人体健康的核心目的和作为判断其绩效的标准、专门规定保障人体健康的环境标准规范,并相应地在立法技术上予以完善,最终发挥环境标准体系在保障人体健康中的作用。     

论利率市场化的法律意蕴

利率作为金融产品的价格,是整个金融体系和金融市场中最活跃的因素,是金融市场的核心.利率市场化就是要让市场供求关系在利率的形成过程中更大程度地发挥决定性的作用.利率市场化是我国金融产业走向市场的重要步骤之一,也是我国国民经济运行体制转变到社会主义市场经济体制上来的必然要求.利率市场化涉及的领域和层面非常广泛,而基本上所有的方面都离不开法律、法规的支持、规范与引导.为此,需要进一步深化金融改革、修订金融法等相关法律制度,科学界定相关法律主体的权利、义务,重构三大主体法律关系,夯实利率形成的两大运行基础.     

The Netherlands and a Century of International Environmental Law

Netherlands International Law Review -     

论环境行政决策的法律规制

环境问题的复杂性、代际性、多元性以及环境行政决策所具有的科技关联性和利益冲突性等特点，印证了对于政府及其部门的环境行政决策行为法律规制的必要性。然而此种法律规制不是消极的控权，而是在环境行政决策中增加对公众环境权益的考量以及符合相关技术标准后所谓的综合决策机制，同时考虑激励机制。     

论第三代环境规制

作为一种新的规制模式,第三代环境规制是在社会复杂性显著增强、绿色商业兴起的时代背景下诞生的,因应了前两代环境规制的现实困境。第三代环境规制的核心意旨是在法律自我限制的基础上,系统化培育企业自觉提升环境表现的反思性结构。较诸前两代环境规制,其背后的理论范式和国家责任均发生了深刻变迁,形成了一种代际意义上的新型规制模式。面对日益紧迫的资源环境约束,第三代环境规制具有远大前景,但在我国的实施尚须解决若干约束条件。     

环境赔偿法——以荷兰为例的社会法学分析

本文对环境民事责任立法进行分析,以图有益于是否需要以及如何进行环境责任立法的讨论.主要分成两大部分.首先运用比较法分析,介绍荷兰的环境民事责任成文法与相关判例法,①包括实体法和程序法两个方面,希望能为中国的立法提供一些值得借鉴的有效途径.然后,主要采用社会法学观点进行分析,讨论荷兰判例法的相关规范移植到中国的可能性和效果,并从公平正义、法律意识等角度,对中国的新立法做出预测.社会法学的分析是本文的重点,强调判例法对于环境责任立法的重要性.在环境法这样一个复杂领域,法律规范应当来自于现实而非抽象的原则性规定.通过对一些已经被欧洲各国承认的判例的介绍,论证法学与社会经济学相结合的分析方法对于立法的重要意义.环境民事立法应当具有环境个体保护的立法价值,还必须体现公平正义积极有利于法律意识的提高.同时,要配之以相当的执行力度,这主要有赖于法律有关规定和诉讼成本以及胜诉率等因素     

绿色“一带一路”环境法规制研究

在绿色一带一路建设中强化环境法规制具有必需性和迫切性。一带一路沿线部分国家普遍存在生态环境脆弱的客观情况,而我国海外投资实行长期开发新模式,出于提升我国环境保护形象和防范环境风险引发经济风险等目的,都亟待强化环境法规制。绿色一带一路要求我国走出去的企业接受东道国环境法的规制,同时自觉对接我国有关主管部门的依法监管。当前我国涉外环境立法严重不足,对走出去的企业缺乏环境监管;司法机关受管辖权限制难以发挥职能作用;企业因守法意识淡漠而易引发诸多环境纠纷。我国应当坚守人类命运共同体理念和国际环境法的基本原则;对走出去的企业从环境立法、环境行政监管、促进企业合规经营等方面进行指导监督;将司法机关发挥审判职能作用与建立健全国际多元化环境纠纷解决机制相结合,高效解决建设一带一路进程中的各类环境纠纷,依法保障建设一带一路目标的全面实现。     

论社会变迁与环境法律规则运行模式的演进

法律作为社会变迁的产物,其规范变迁与功能的进化必然受深层的文明演进因素的影响。对环境法而言,"人定胜天、天人合一、资源有限、同质同源"的理念变迁,促成了环境法之法律规则运行模式的四层次演进:环境破坏规制规则的缺位、环境破坏规制规则的填补、利益限制性规则的注重、利益促进性规则的引入"。而环境法之功能也在环境法律规则运行模式的层递演进中得到进化。     

Environmental Governance: The Role of Institutions in Causing and Confronting Environmental Problems

This article describes and explains in accessible terms major findings arising from the work of the long-term international research project on the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC). In analyzing the roles institutions play in both causing and confronting environmental problems, the project directs attention to three analytic themes – known as the problems of fit, interplay, and scale – and seeks to illuminate these concerns through empirical studies of marine, terrestrial, and atmospheric systems. IDGEC science has highlighted the pervasiveness of institutional misfits and begun to identify the reasons why misfits often prove difficult to eliminate, even when their existence becomes widely known. Research conducted under the auspices of the project demonstrates the growing impact of national and even international institutions on the effectiveness of local resource regimes. Similarly, IDGEC research has identified reasons why policy instruments that work well at the national level (e.g., tradable permits) are frequently difficult or impossible to transfer to the international level. To make the discussion of these findings concrete, the project has explored the problem of fit with particular reference to the performance of Exclusive Economic Zones, the problem of interplay through an analysis of the fate of tropical forests, and the problem of scale through an account of the limits of emissions trading as a policy instrument in the climate change regime.     

Resources, Rights, and Environmental Regulation

Prior to the Human Rights Act 1998, there were significant expectations that it would promote the development of environmental rights and extend remedies for environmental harm. This has not been the case, but then the expectations were probably always false. The paper points to three reasons why: the retention of a strong model of parliamentary sovereignty; the need to mould human rights principles alongside the common law; the traditional reluctance of the courts to determine questions of utility where questions of resource allocation arise. The paper concludes by reflecting on whether one would hope, in any case, to advance the cause of the environment through the mechanism of the Convention and suggests that there may be reasons to doubt the wisdom of this approach.     

论环境行政合同中的行政优益权规制

相较于近年来环境污染恶化的速度,环境行政合同制度所采取的环保管理措施取得的效果甚微,现行制度中对双方主体的权利配置存在着由来已久的认识误区,理论研究与实践应用中都没有考虑环境行政合同的特殊性而将行政合同领域的“行政优益权”标准完全地加以适用,影响了环境行政合同的实施成效.从环境行政合同本身的权利义务平衡、履约模式以及在政府机关内部的运行构架角度分析,政府应对行政优益权进行一定程度的规制,从而寻找出完善现行环境行政合同制度的“良方”.     

智能化体育产业法律规制问题与策略

智能化体育产业需要进行必要的法律规制,以实现体育产业的有序发展。随着我国人工智能、大数据和互联网等相关技术的快速发展,体育产业呈现出多维度泛在智能化趋向。在智能化体育产业法律规制方面,《体育法》存在明显的缺位,体育行政法规和部门规章也存在规制的不足,而《新一代人工智能发展规划》对智能化体育产业并未予以适当关注。因此,在对智能化体育产业的法律规制策略方面,应选择在《体育法》中进行总则概括规定、分章明确细化规定、在行政法规和部门规章中进行适当体现、由行业协会进行重点监管的法律规制路径。     

Green Markets: Environmental Regulation by the Private Sector*

The article begins with a review of recent trends in the devolution of state functions to nongovernment institutions, and discusses how private interests may be enlisted in furtherance of public policy. It then outlines a variety of institutions and instruments which might comprise a system of regulation for environmental protection, and suggests some of the forms of interaction between them. The focus then turns to commercial activity which can further the interests of environmental protection. It summarizes eight emerging trends in “green commerce” and concludes that in some settings, the constructive influence of commercial forces can exceed that wielded by government agencies.     

环境问题的全球化及其法律对策

环境问题的全球化是伴随全球经济一体化进程产生的 ,与人类对自然的传统观念和各国经济开发政策与法律的缺陷有着密切的联系。针对全球环境问题 ,各国和国际社会已经制定了大量的法律和对策 ,但由于各国不同的历史、政治和经济等背景使得法律和对策在实施上存在着问题。作为一个发展中国家的中国在履行全球环境保护义务和国际环境合作中已经起到了积极的作用 ,当然还需要采取切实可行的法律对策措施 ,在全球经济一体化的进程中逐步消除和解决全球环境问题。     

集体行动困境下的环境金融软法规制

作为环境责任的重要承担者,金融业在如何实现可持续发展的设问中选择了环境金融这一路径,而快速发展中的环境金融又需要接受法律规制。综合考量环境金融的兴起背景与自身属性,软法规制应是规范与促进环境金融发展的现实选择。不仅因为软法规制是金融业可持续发展的最好回应,还因为环境金融软法的表现形式、功能与效力从不同视角充分展示着它的规制优势。然而,集体行动困境在一定程度上抑制了软法规制效能的发挥,具体诱因包括软法的立法质量低下、实际约束力脆弱与实施环境不良等多种不利因素。根据法治化原则与精神,环境金融软法规制应从组织体系、立法体系与监督体系三方面进行优化发展,以提升其规制效能。