我国备案审查制度的若干缺陷及其完善——兼与法国的事先审查制相比较

随着<立法法>的出台和2004年5月全国人大法工委法规审查备案室的成立,预示着备案已经从一种程序性的登记制度演变为一种对立法的审查方式,即"备案审查".但是备案审查制度面临着不少的缺陷备案机关缺乏审查权;备案审查决定的冲突;备案审查性质的模糊;备案机关缺乏上位法解释权等等.对此,我们可以借鉴法国的事先审查制度来予以完善.     

Ricochet of a Bullet in the Spinal Canal: A Case Report and Review of the Literature on Bullet Migration

Abstract: Ricochet of a bullet in the spinal canal is well known by neurosurgeons but relatively not a common event in usual medico‐legal autopsy practice. This article presents a homicide case of a penetrating gunshot injury of the lumbar spine through the T12‐L1 intervertebral foramen with active movement of the projectile within the spinal canal to the L5‐S1 level. This case illustrates a bullet intradural and intramedullary active movement because of a ricochet of the body of T12 with active redirection of the path. In the current literature, different types of migration in caudal or cranial direction, intradural, or intramedullary are reported. If spontaneous migration of T10 to S1 seems to be more frequent, some authors reported a C1 to S2 migration. Such migration could be asymptomatic or induce neurological impairment. The medico‐legal consequences of these migrations within the spinal canal are described.     

Respiratory,Circulatory, and Neurological Responses to Hanging: A Review of Animal Models

Abstract: The pathophysiology of hanging is still poorly understood. This article presents a review of eight animal models: four models of isolated occlusion of the vessels of the neck (group 1), one model of combined tracheal and vessel occlusion (group 2), and three models of true animal hanging (group 3). Occlusion of the airway passages in group 2 did not accelerate respiratory arrest compared to group 1. Cessation of cerebral blood flow, rather than airway obstruction, seems to be the main cause of respiratory decline. In general, muscular movements ceased after 1–3.5 min and early generalized tonic‐clonic convulsions were described. Complete circulatory collapse seems to occur between 4 and 8.5 min. These observations from animal models of hanging are compared with the data collected from filmed human hangings. Avenues to improve animal models are discussed.     

行政机关紧急权力和紧急措施的立法设计

新近通过的《宪法修正案》对紧急状态制度作出规定,第十届全国人大常委会已经将制定紧急状态法纳入五年立法规划和今年的年度立法计划。制定紧急状态法的主要任务,是根据危机处理需要和参考外国立法对现行应急制度进行整合。这使我们获得一个历史性机会对中国的国家应急制度重新进行选择和结构设计,建立与经济全球化和中国转型体制相适应的现代紧急状态法律制度。紧急状态的立法研究工作,应充分注意法治发达国家的历史教训和有益的立法经验。1919年德国《魏玛宪法》没能够有效地防止紧急权被滥用的原因之一,就是《魏玛宪法》对紧急权作出原…     

中国违宪审查与立法冲突解决机制

我国的违宪审查制度 ,存在着许多缺陷。主要缺陷是没有违宪诉讼制度 ,没有对立法的正式违宪审查程序 ,审查权分散 ,以及“内部沟通”式的事前审查。这种审查常常并没有起到应有的作用 ,所以造成严重的“法规打架”现象。     

评美国反基因歧视法律实践及其启示

为防治基因技术的滥用和基因信息歧视,以《2008年禁止基因信息歧视法》为代表的美国联邦和州立法积极实施干预,以确保所有人雇佣机会平等、享有平等健康保险待遇,全面参与社会生活.美国反基因歧视法内容详尽,既禁止基因信息歧视行为,又兼顾保险公司、雇主的合理要求以及避免可能给第三人及公众带来的风险,使违法行为几乎“无缝隙可钻”,且法律对公立雇主的要求高于私立雇主.美国反基因歧视法律实践,对于我们客观认识和把握平等权,完善相关立法和公共政策,具有一定启迪.     

企业破产立法目标的争论及其评价

企业破产与自然人破产的立法目标并不完全相同。由于当今社会企业破产案件的大量存在,企业破产引发的社会问题和利益冲突变得日益复杂和尖锐,各国破产立法的制度构造相应地发生了较大的变化。这些变化主要表现为以下方面:破产和解及公司重整等破产预防制度成为破产立法体系中必不可少的组成部分;对债务人的救济和康复问题的关注及相应措施的采用;债权人利益与其他社会群体利益之间的矛盾在破产案件中日益凸现。这些问题程度不同地反映到了不同的破产法理论观点之中,并开始在美国破产法理论界出现正面交锋,英国一些学者也加入争论。     

Saving the Nation's Expendable Children: Amending State Education Laws to Encourage Keeping Students in School

Disciplinary codes are designed to govern the behavior of millions of students attending U.S. public schools. As currently implemented, a great majority of these codes afford school personnel expansive, if not full, discretion to impose any sanction they deem appropriate in response to a student's alleged misconduct. Suspension and expulsion are two frequently used exclusionary sanctions that result in a large group of students who are pushed out of their learning environments around the nation on a daily basis. These detrimental exclusionary punishments have been increasingly used to address minor misbehavior rather than be reserved solely for serious offenses. This Note will describe the harmful implications currently associated with suspending and expelling children as a means to address misbehavior in school. This Note will then propose that all states amend their current education laws to limit infractions that may be punishable by suspension and/or expulsion exclusively to felonies as well as discuss practical alternatives schools should consider as a response to student misconduct. Implementation of this proposal would minimize the high rate of children being removed from their classrooms and would ultimately heighten the opportunity for children to learn.     

刑法立法模式的刑事政策考察

刑法立法模式是指国家立法机关在进行刑法立法时所采用的标准样式。纵观现代世界各国的立法现状,刑法立法模式主要有单一法典型立法模式、特别刑法立法模式、判例型刑法立法模式和修正型刑法立法模式。每种刑法立法模式都有其各自的刑事政策功能。从中国刑法立法的现状看,主要存在以下问题:(1)没有形成固定、成熟的刑法立法模式;(2)刑法立法模式单一、呆板,缺乏活力;(3)刑法修正案模式不能适应刑法立法的全部需要;(4)附属刑法立法模式没有发挥应有的作用。为了适应国家打击和控制犯罪的需要,我国的刑法立法模式应当做如下调整:(1)建立刑法典、特别刑法和刑法修正案相结合的刑法立法模式;(2)根据刑事政策的需要选择不同的刑法立法模式;(3)调整附属刑法立法模式的结构。     

相对破产立法模式——一个新概念的提出

鉴于传统破产法律理论及制度在我国的实践中暴露出来的局限性、封闭性及非效率性等深层次缺陷 ,亟需研究创建一种全新的相对破产立法模式 ,即在法院受理破产申请后于破产宣告前 ,将破产企业整体视为法律拟制的债权人的破产财产 ,由兼并人与债权人依照市场规则进行交易的模式。这种将兼并楔入破产程序的制度设计 ,其特殊功效在于 :将破产企业的债拟制成为可操作的搏奕状态 ,这既可使制度系统功能开放以及市场主体地位回归 ,又可提升破产内在利益驱动机制 ,还可从理论上解决债的一般价值与特殊形态的互补与转换等问题。     

A Review of Evidence-Based Biopsychosocial Laws Governing the Treatment of Pain and Injury

The impact of scientific findings on medical, psychological, and legal concepts has led to the adoption of laws and regulations that do not easily fit into the established legal categories of medical law or mental health law. Instead, this convergence of forces has resulted in laws and regulations mandating biopsychosocial treatment guidelines, where both medical and psychological cares are integrated within the framework of a single paradigm. Laws and regulations of this type have been adopted by a number of US states and Canadian provinces, and could be considered to represent a new category, for which we offer the term “biopsychosocial law.” Biopsychosocial laws currently pertain to medical treatment guidelines for workers’ compensation, a medical treatment system noted for high costs, high levels of litigation, and psychological involvement. There are a number of examples of biopsychosocial laws, but the most noteworthy are based on guidelines developed by the Colorado Division of Workers’ Compensation, the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, the Work Loss Data Institute, and The Reed Group. These guidelines differ significantly with regard to features, conditions covered, and strength of evidence basis. However, all of these guideline systems were developed with the intent of providing good care while controlling costs, are evidence based, integrate the practice of medicine and psychology, and are legally mandated in certain jurisdictions. Taken together, these guidelines represent a growing convergence of scientific evidence, professional society positions, payor policies, and legal regulations. These forces are propelling a broad societal shift away from Cartesian assumptions that the body and mind are separate, and toward a biopsychosocial paradigm for the treatment of injury and illness.     

从事实到规范:犯罪化立法原则层次论

作为犯罪化立法原则,英美法系的危害原则和大陆法系的法益侵害说与我国的社会危害性理论在内涵、地位、功能上具有同质性。单一的犯罪化立法原则缺乏足够的适用性,多元的犯罪化原则缺乏一条主线贯穿其中。我国犯罪化立法原则体系的构建应当以犯罪的概念为基础,将社会危害性作为犯罪化的逻辑起点,应受刑罚惩罚性作为犯罪化的应然补充,但应受刑罚惩罚性自身有循环定义之嫌,可以从刑罚的必要性、有效性、经济性对其做进一步的说明,刑事法定性作为犯罪化的最终归宿。如此沿着从事实到规范层层递进的思维路径,方能合理划定刑法的界限。     

Web2.0时代集体创作作品的保护困境与立法应对

在Web2.0时代,集体创作成为网络信息创造的一种主要方式。集体创作作品由多个无意思联络的分散创作者共同创作而成,由于著作权分散于多个个体创作者手中,这类作品在利用时出现由于权利太多而导致的交易成本问题。无论将权利初始分配给单一的组织或整个创作群体,还是让个体权利人自愿弃权,都有其不可避免的缺陷。将集体创作作品的版权留在独立分散的创作者手中,并通过公共许可机制将集体创作作品的版权提前授权给他人,既保留了创作者的自治性,又解决了权利原子化带来的交易成本问题。