民事诉讼中的附属问题分析

民事诉讼中的附属问题是民事诉讼中对与诉讼相关的行政事实或证据判断问题,在诉讼中对它的认定和判断决定着民事案件性质或裁判结论。民事纠纷,会因行政权的介入而使问题变得复杂化。为了从根本上解决民事纠纷,保障当事人的权益,必须探讨新的制度来加以解决。     

Forensic age diagnostics of living people undergoing criminal proceedings

In the German-speaking area, recent years have seen a rapid growth of the need for forensic age estimations. Such need arises, for example, if no verified information on the age of a person suspected of a criminal offence is available; the issue at question in terms of criminal law is whether the person concerned has reached the age of criminal responsibility and whether general criminal law in force for adults is to be applied. The relevant age tresholds in criminal proceedings are 14, 18 and 21 years of age. According to recommendations of the Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics, a forensic age estimate should consist of a physical examination, an X-ray of the hand, and a dental examination which records dentition status and evaluates an orthopantomogram. In addition, a radiological or CT examination of the clavicles is recommended to establish whether a person has attained 21 years of age. The present article addresses the influence of ethnic origin on the examined developmental systems.     

和谐社会与中国民事诉讼制度的未来走势

现代和谐社会是“和而不同”、“和而有讼”的社会，民事诉讼的许多功能都有助于和谐社会的成功建构。中国民事诉讼制度与“和谐社会”的诉求尚有距离，在当代和谐社会建构背景下，中国未来民事诉讼制度应追一步优化、完善，有助于和谐社会功能与制度。     

论民事诉讼中重新鉴定乱象的治理--以《民事诉讼证据规定》(2019版)为契机

司法鉴定意见是民事诉讼领域重要的科学证据。开展鉴定活动时,司法鉴定人有可能因程序性或技术性问题而向法庭出具有问题的鉴定,导致当事人的合法权益受损。重新鉴定作为问题鉴定的救济路径之一,是严重问题鉴定的高端技术性解决方案。法官与当事人不恰当使用重新鉴定手段来纠正问题鉴定,是引发民事诉讼中重新鉴定乱象的内因。而司法鉴定的行政管理与诉讼规则博弈所导致的管理盲区的出现,则是引发重新鉴定乱象的外因。《民事诉讼证据规定》(2019版)为重新鉴定乱象的治理带来了契机。一方面,通过提出异议-书面答复-鉴定人出庭的鉴定异议疏导路径,使重新鉴定回归恰当的救济地位;另一方面,基于初次鉴定、庭审质证、重新鉴定构建多元化的问题鉴定管理路径。这种合理的问题鉴定分流管理模式,不仅有望有效治理既往的重新鉴定乱象,而且即将打破知识壁垒、实现庭审实质化。     

刑事附带民事诉讼死亡、残疾赔偿金审判探析

死亡赔偿金、残疾赔偿金的刑事附带民事赔偿问题，囿于立法、司法解释不明确和矛盾、司法实践中当事人赔偿能力低下、大多无财产可供执行的困难等诸因素，在是否列入刑事附带民事的赔偿范围及如何判赔问题上存在颇多争议。笔者在综合考察研究相关的立法、司法解释及刑事附带民事赔偿审判实践的基础上，主张应当列入赔偿范围且应当全额判赔。但应当给原告出具风险告知书并尽可能争取调解解决。进入强制执行阶段後，如有财产的，全额执行；如无履行能力的，则应中止或终结执行。同时，对因中止或终结执行而生活极端贫困被害人及其抚养人应给予国家补偿救济或“低保”。     

Forensic medical expert evaluation in connection with civil actions of patients complaining of improper dental care

The authors discuss questions facing forensic medical experts in connection with civil "medical" actions. The questions are classified as common and private. Expert evaluations of correspondence of the scope and quality of dental care are offered as the base for analysis of these problems within the framework of civil legislation. The data evidence efficiency of forensic medical expert evaluations in civil legal procedure and the significance of forensic medical service in the solution of problems of quality and efficiency of medical (including dental) care of the population.     

Defamation in cyberspace: A Japanese perspective

The aim of this paper is two-fold: first, to introduce how Japanese law and its jurisprudence have dealt with the case of on-line defamation, which is arguably one of the most acute problems in modern society, and second, to critically examine the efficacy of such an approach. The recent decision of the Supreme Court in on-line defamation (as oppose to off-line defamation) will be introduced as an exemplar of the way Japanese law and its jurisprudence have dealt with such an acute problem. A first step will be to provide, by way of background, a brief overview of how defamation in a conventional sense has been treated by the Japanese legal system. The second step will be to outline how the Japanese jurisdiction has dealt with on-line defamation, that is to say, to what extent the Japanese court regulates on-line defamatory comments made by the ordinary people. A third step will be to examine the efficacy of such an approach, and the final step will be to examine whether the UK court can learn a lesson from the Japanese jurisdiction. The author will draw upon Japanese jurisprudence, in order to consider whether a valuable lesson might be offered to the UK jurisdiction.     

Organised crime groups in cyberspace: a typology

Three categories of organised groups that exploit advances in information and communications technologies (ICT) to infringe legal and regulatory controls: (1) traditional organised criminal groups which make use of ICT to enhance their terrestrial criminal activities; (2) organised cybercriminal groups which operate exclusively online; and (3) organised groups of ideologically and politically motivated individuals who make use of ICT to facilitate their criminal conduct are described in this article. The need for law enforcement to have in-depth knowledge of computer forensic principles, guidelines, procedures, tools, and techniques, as well as anti-forensic tools and techniques will become more pronounced with the increased likelihood of digital content being a source of disputes or forming part of underlying evidence to support or refute a dispute in judicial proceedings. There is also a need for new strategies of response and further research on analysing organised criminal activities in cyberspace.

The methodological basis of expert assessment of unfavourable outcomes of the stomatological treatment in the framework of civil law proceedings

The authors discuss peculiarities of the performance of forensic medical expertise in the cases of unfavourable outcomes of the stomatological treatment. The methodological basis of expert assessment has been created to be applied in situations related to the unfavourable outcomes of dental care.     

代谢物组学及法医学新机遇——创建代谢物组学数据库及专家系统的设想

法医学DNA技术促成了法医学实践的一次飞跃,其建立的数据库策略为后续的研究提供了可贵的借鉴;2004年召开的人类基因组大会提出并肯定了代谢物组学的理论和技术,该技术相对于目前应用的其它技术并结合法医学的实践需要,具有更广阔的应用前景,本文借鉴DNA技术成功的经验,首次提议建立代谢物组学数据库及基于该数据库的专家系统,为解决目前法医学难以解决的难题,促成法医学继DNA技术之后新飞跃进行探索.     

The nature of forensic science opinion--a possible framework to guide thinking and practice in investigations and in court proceedings.

The questions that are asked of forensic scientists during the course of a criminal investigation, and during subsequent court proceedings, are of varied form. This paper attempts to place these questions into broad generic types and explores the difference in the inferential process that a scientist may employ when forming opinions that help answer these questions. From this model, a working definition of different roles and attributes for forensic scientists is described which may offer greater clarity for both practitioners and users of forensic science.     

聚焦司法鉴定过程生成的鉴定人民事责任

考察鉴定人民事责任的制度依据和法律渊源,分析我国司法鉴定过程中,鉴定人民事责任的现实基础和规范依据。并以此为出发点,探讨我国司法鉴定人民事责任的基本内涵和外延,指出其特殊之处。最后从当事人实现救济的角度出发．提出鉴定人民事责任追诉的基本设想。