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1.
Rodger Jamieson Lesley Pek Wee Land Donald Winchester Greg Stephens Alex Steel Alana Maurushat Rick Sarre 《Computer Law & Security Report》2012
Identity fraud as a term and concept in its formative stages was often presumed to be identity theft and visa versa. However, identity theft is caused by the identities (or tokens) of individuals or organisations being stolen is an enabling precursor to identity fraud. The boundaries of identity fraud and identity theft are now better defined. The absence of specific identity crime legislation could be a cause of perpetrators not classified as breaching identity crimes but under other specific entrenched law such as benefit fraud, or credit card fraud. This metrics overlap can cause bias in crime management information systems. This study uses a multi-method approach where data was collected in both a quantitative and qualitative manner. These approaches are used as a lens for defining different classes of online identity crimes in a crime management (IS) security context. In doing so, we contribute to a deeper understanding of identity crime by specifically examining its hierarchical classes and definitions; to aid clearer structure in crime management IS. We seek to answer the questions: should current law around identity fraud continue to be reinforced and measures introduced to prevent identity crime; should laws be amended; or should new identity crime laws be constructed? We conclude and recommend a solution incorporating elements of all three. 相似文献
2.
Jakob Edler 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2008,33(4):337-352
Internationalization in R&D is further growing; it is changing its geographical balance, as it is shifting somewhat to the
Far East, and its nature, increasing the global quest for talent and good research conditions as well as for low cost R&D.
This paper focuses on the European perspective, i.e. it discusses current challenges Europe faces vis-à-vis trends in industrial
R&D, but the findings and arguments are more general ones. It argues that our perspective on internationalization is still
shaped too much by a zero sum-rationale, whereby one location wins R&D capacity that another location loses. It develops a
cost–benefit matrix in order to capture the overall costs and benefits of international R&D activities more broadly. The paper
argues that more creativity is needed, that our perspective needs to be broadened to tackle all variables conditioning international
activities in R&D (including local conditions of demand and discourse) and to stress the importance of the absorption of global
knowledge by as many actors within an innovation system as possible. On the basis of recent survey data the paper furthermore
concludes that public research should be thought of as a trans-national transmission belt of knowledge and as the prime factor
that shapes the attractiveness and effectiveness of a location for business R&D. Finally, it is argued that policy schemes
geared towards international R&D need to accept and tackle the issue of co-ordination of governance and to take advantage
of the flexible possibilities offered at the European level, beyond the logic of the European Framework Programme.
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Jakob EdlerEmail: |