Deinstitutionalization,Street Children,and the Coming AIDS Epidemic in the Adolescent Population

The debate about the deinstitutionalization of status offenders has persisted for over a decade. Those in favor of deinstitutionalization maintain that coerced treatment in secure institutions has not proven beneficial to status offenders and locking-up juveniles for noncriminal behavior violates their liberty interests. Those against deinstitutionalization argue it is not possible to treat someone who is not there (runaways) and while juveniles have the same liberty interests as adults, there are occasions for legitimate state restriction of those liberty interests. It is manifest that the advent of AIDS is such an occasion. Deinstitutionalization has allowed thousands upon thousands of juveniles to live on the streets of our cities. These children have no skills, no lawful means of supporting themselves, and thus are at the mercy of those who prey upon the powerless. The lifestyle of these children (high drug usage, prostitution, and promiscuity) places them directly in the path of AIDS. Their exposure and vulnerability to the disease are vast. Street children constitute a large reservoir of AIDS which could be the source of an AIDS epidemic in the overall adolescent population. Society will pay a horrific price unless there is concerted action now by providers of health care and social services to develop a strategy to contain AIDS within the street-child population, and to prevent the spread of AIDS from them to the overall adolescent population.     

Feelings of Safety In The Presence Of the Police,Security Guards,and Police Volunteers

Uniformed presence is commonly thought to create feelings of safety in people. However, do differently uniformed people contribute to an equal amount of safety and are there situation-dependent differences? The present study examined the association between various types of uniformed presence and people’s feelings of safety through a questionnaire among 352 respondents (18–86 years) (49.1 % women). The questionnaire contained pictures of situations perceived as relatively safe and unsafe with or without uniformed presence. The respondents estimated how safe they thought they would feel in these situations with no uniformed presence, two police officers, six police officers, a police vehicle, two security guards, or two police volunteers. Results showed that uniformed presence did not increase feelings of safety in a situation perceived as relatively safe, making patrol unnecessary. In situations perceived as relatively unsafe however, all types of uniformed presence increased feelings of safety. Foot patrolling police contributed to the greatest increase in feelings of safety. Security guards and police volunteers created similar amounts of feelings of safety making police volunteers a cost-effective alternative. All types of foot patrol were better than vehicle patrol, making non-police groups an alternative to vehicle patrol. Some situational, gender, and age differences were found.     

The Police and the New Magistracy: Independent Members and the New Police Authorities

Independent appointed members to police authorities were introduced as part of the reforms brought about by the Police and Magistrates' Courts Act 1994. This radical change to the make-up of police authorities was defended by government ministers as a necessary reform in order to broaden the expertise and experience available in such bodies. Critics, by contrast, saw the change as a move to further centralise control, and as a means of reducing local democratic input, over policing. Using data from a national telephone survey of police authority clerks, and case studies of three police force areas, this article examines the role of `independent' appointed members to local police authorities. We argue that the early signs are that the new members are becoming well integrated into police authorities, although such bodies have been significantly depoliticised as a result of this and other changes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Police and HIV/AIDS: The risk, the reality, the response

Risk and fear have been examined empirically and theoretically in the policing literature. To date, however, there has been minimal effort to examine these concepts in the context of HIV/AIDS. Since the HIV/AIDS epidemic was first detected nearly 20 years ago, relatively little attention has been given to the complex issues it presents for police officers. The following discussion draws from both the policing and epidemiological literatures to examine police officers’ fear and risk of occupational HIV transmission and individual and departmental responses to this fear. Important elements of educational programs and policies are also addressed.     

警察形象战略的基石：警察核心价值观

警察形象战略是在新形势下开展警察公共关系建设,促进警察机关和人民群众的沟通和理解,密切警民关系的有效载体。而警察核心价值观的确立和培育则是警察形象战略中最为重要的一个环节,它可以使警察形象建设达到事半功倍的效果。     

警务战术的本质、知识生成与运用

根据“战术”所固有的前提——博弈,只有在实战警务中才存在“战术”。警务战术是由警务战略统御的、直接左右局部实战警务行动成败,集科学性、技术性、谋略性、艺术性于一身的方法。警务战术知识要达到本然的科学性,即客观性、可靠性、有效性,应实现认识论、系统论指导下的范畴化和体系化,特别是采用集中体现科学主义精神的实证主义方法。警务战术的运用过程应符合实践一般决策过程的原理、原则、规则、程序,并保持自身的特性和特点。警务战术运用的过程范式是：收集信息、筛挖信息;情势研判、做出决策;精心部署、认真实施三个环节。     

Force,Stress, and Decision-Making Within the Belgian Police: the Impact of Stressful Situations on Police Decision-Making

Stress and fear are inevitable aspects of the police job and may have a large impact on police officers’ decision-making process. Many studies have explored how stress and fear may influence assessments of police officers, especially with regard to the use of force. This article aims to contribute to this research domain by reporting the findings from two empirical studies among Belgian police officers: a quantitative study of police officers’ attitudes towards and experiences with the use of force and a qualitative study on the influence of stress and emotions on officers’ decision-making and assessment abilities and accuracy of shooting. Both studies confirmed that stress and fear are often present in Belgian police practice. One of the main findings is that Belgian police officers are anxious about the consequences of their actions because they know they will be held accountable for them. The pressure that results from this accountability can make it even more difficult for police officers to react to stressful situations. Therefore, we need to look for the right balance in this difficult position, by providing tools that support police officers in making daily decisions, and help them do their job as effectively as possible.     

WTO Government Procurement Rules and the Local Dynamics of Procurement Policies: A Malaysian Case Study

This article examines efforts to create binding internationalrules regulating public procurement and considers, in particular,the failure to reach a WTO agreement on transparency in governmentprocurement. The particular focus of the discussion is the approachtaken by Malaysia to these international procurement rules andto the negotiation of an agreement on transparency. Rules governingpublic procurement directly implicate fundamental arrangementsof authority amongst and between different parts of government,its citizens and non-citizens. At the same time, the rules touchupon areas that are particularly sensitive for some developingcountries. Many governments use preferences in public procurementto accomplish important redistributive and developmental goals.Malaysia has long used significant preferences in public procurementto further sensitive developmental policies targeted at improvingthe economic strength of native Malays. Malaysia also has politicaland legal arrangements substantially at odds with fundamentalelements of proposed global public procurement rules. Malaysiahas, therefore, been forceful in resisting being bound by internationalpublic procurement rules, and has played an important role indefeating the proposed agreement on transparency. We suggestthat our case study has implications beyond procurement. Thedevelopment of international public procurement rules appearsto be guided by many of the same values that guide the broadereffort to create a global administrative law. This case study,therefore, has implications for the broader exploration of theseefforts to develop a global administrative law, in particularthe relationship between such efforts and the interests of developingcountries.     

警察武力之“真”法良治——论警察武力行为法律构成的合规律性

警察武力法至“真”包括至“真”之的、至“真”之度、至“真”之路、至“真”之果四个基本论题.警察武力法至“真”应达到警察武力行为法律构成、理论构成、事实构成的逻辑统一性;所有警察武力行为法律要件、法律结构的总体同一性;总体、类体、次类体和个体警察武力行为法律要件、法律结构的系统统一性.将警察武力行为嵌在警察武力权场域各种位置之间的客观关系中观察、解析,所有警察武力行为均由主体、客体、主观意志和客观行动四个要件构成,且存在生成和运行规律.     

Police uniforms,attitudes, and citizens

This study focuses on identifying the relationship between the citizen's attitude toward the police and the police uniform and authoritarian attitude. The perceived authority associated with the police uniform has been an essential ingredient of the police role. Consequently, the police uniform influences attitudes and behaviors of the wearers as well as the citizens with whom they interact. The citizen's attitude is negatively affected by the traditional military style police uniform in conjunction with the authoritarian attitude exhibited by police officers in performance of their duties. Consequently, when the uniform and officer's attitude are altered, there will be a corresponding change in the citizen's attitude toward the police. The attitude of the officer, in conjunction with the uniform, exerts considerably more influence on the citizen's attitude than does the uniform, officer's attitude, or any additional factor acting independently.     

警察、检察官与预审法官:法国司法监督的理论与实践

法国对警察的司法监督在很多人看来是很具有吸引力的。它被当作一种可行对策来对付警察下述倾向：总是将关注点集中到某个嫌疑人的身上,忽视或隐匿重要证据。作者根据自己对法国审前程序的实证研究,认为直接介入性的监督既不是法律文本的预期,也不是司法人员自己的预期。作者在观察、访谈与问卷的基础上,考察了职业文化在理解司法从业人员日常行为方面的重要作用。本文对以下两个方面做了重点考察：警察与监督者之间关系的性质;充斥于审前司法所有方面的合法性理念中监督者“司法官”地位的体现方式。