社会保障法概念探析

本文通过对社会保障的概念与法的概念、社会保障的本质与法的本质、以及现有社会保障法的概念的全面分析 ,对社会保障法进行了重新定义。本文认为 ,社会保障法 (广义社会保障法 )是关于基于社会理性、为保证每一个人的生活安全、维持基本生活并保证生活质量从而保证其生存权和发展权而采取的社会互助行为的法律规范的总称 ,包括社会救济法、社会保险法和社会福利法三个次级法律规范群 ;狭义社会保障法是关于基于社会理性、为保证每一个人的生活安全、维持基本生活从而保证其生存权和发展权而采取的社会互助行为的法律规范的总称 ,包括社会救济法和社会保险法两个次级法律规范群。     

论习近平法治思想中的国家安全法治理论

保证国家安全是当代中国的头等大事,国家安全日趋稳固是新时代党和国家事业取得的重要历史性成就。法治是保证和维护国家安全的基本方式和根本之策。习近平通过论述我国国家安全风险形势、依法防范化解国家安全风险等问题,阐释了新时代推进国家安全法治建设的现实需要;通过论述坚持总体国家安全观、统筹发展和安全等问题,阐释了新时代推进国家安全法治建设的指导思想;通过论述加强国家安全法治各环节建设等问题,阐释了新时代推进国家安全法治建设的总体进路;通过论述维护重点领域的国家安全等问题,阐释了新时代推进国家安全法治建设的重点任务。习近平国家安全法治理论是习近平法治思想的重要内容和有机组成部分,为我国新时代取得维护国家安全的历史性成就奠定了理论基石和提供了行动指南,对我国在新征程上不断加强国家安全法治建设具有极为重要的理论和实践指导意义。     

企业海外并购的国家安全审查风险及其法律对策

国家安全审查是对企业海外并购影响最大的贸易保护措施。近年来,数个国家对其外资监管法律进行了修改,其共性是建立或完善外资并购国家安全审查制度。这种对国家安全审查的关注和强调已经成为中国企业海外并购所面临的最大法律风险。从国家安全审查的法律实践中可见两个明显趋势:国家安全概念的扩张与审查过程中政治考量因素的增加,但中国企业应将政治风险与政治因素转换为法律层面的问题,合理进行并购申报,并通过东道国诉讼程序、WTO规则、双边投资保护协定等多种法律手段维护自身利益,减少贸易保护主义对海外并购的危害。     

隐性双轨制：刑法中保安处分的教义学阐释

我国现行法律中虽无保安处分的概念,但在刑法中已实质性地存在保安处分,其与刑罚共同构成刑法所规定的法律后果,由此形成“隐性双轨制”的格局。对保安处分规范的识别,首先应从与罪责的关系上、目的与功能的差异上明晰刑罚与保安处分的基本界分,进而从法律特征上区分刑罚规范与保安处分规范,最终将现行刑法中的保安处分措施“挖掘”出来。澄清现行刑法中保安处分措施的性质和法律地位,有利于确保这类措施的正当适用,同时也有利于保障个人的基本权利免受不当干涉。     

New Institutionalism and Naturalism in Socio‐Legal Analysis: Institutionalist Approaches to Regulatory Decision Making

Through drawing on the work particularly of sociological and organizational theorists socio-legal work has added considerably to an understanding of the uses of law and discretion, and shown the contingency of the operation of law on the economic, political and organizational context. Some important questions still remain unanswered, however. In particular, if in decision making law is not determinative, but rather decisions are shaped by other bureaucratic or organizational norms, political and economic pressures and an individual's own world views and interests, what role does law play? Further, what impact does the decision process, in which different norms or considerations all bear, have on law? In starting to answer these questions the article examines the models of decision processes and decision behavior which underly the different new institutionalist analyses, and suggests that whilst they provide some insights, they have their own limits.     

论物权法的规范配置

讨论物权法的规范配置,乃是讨论物权法的规范类型以及不同类型物权法律规范之间的相互关系。在立法过程中,它涉及到立法者如何在一部成文法中妥善安置诸多价值判断结论的立法技术问题;在司法过程中,它涉及到裁判者如何发现并且转述立法者体现在实定法中的价值判断结论的司法技术问题。物权法着力协调民事主体之间的利益关系以及民事主体利益与公共利益之间的关系。与此相应,物权法上存在着任意性规范、倡导性规范、授权第三人规范、强行性规范、混合性规范、裁判规范以及纯粹裁判规范等诸多类型的法律规范。各类物权法律规范分别调整不同类型的利益关系,从而形成一个完整的规范体系。     

反补贴法中的“非市场经济”问题研究

2007年3月30日,美国商务部宣布对原产于中国的铜版纸适用反补贴法,继加拿大之后又一次突破了“反补贴不适用于非市场经济国家”的定论。文章从有关国际法和国内法规范入手,着重探讨了国外对华适用反补贴的理论依据,指出在我国对外贸易顺差持续走高的条件下,国际对华反补贴已呈风雨欲来之势,寻求应对之策已迫在眉睫。     

法律规范冲突的解决方法

法律规范冲突的产生原因包括立法权限界分不清、混淆修宪权和立法权的界限、混淆人民代表大会制度和依法治国的界限。法律规范冲突并行存在于立法、行政、司法场域,民事审判、刑事审判、行政审判中均面临法律规范冲突问题,各场域法律规范冲突的样式不甚相同。上位法优于下位法、特别法优于一般法、新法优于旧法是解决法律规范冲突的三种主要方法,各种方法在具体适用时均面临一些理论和实践难题。     

Globalization and extraterritorial application of economic regulation: crisis in international law and balancing interests

There are two developments the combination of which has led to new challenges to international law: the growth of economic regulations and globalisation. While the modern economies are associated with the proliferation of regulatory laws which are rooted in the national economic and social policies, the loosening of the national borders and globalisation has led to conflicts of economic regulations. Such developments have posed various risks of violations of national economic regulations by the economic actors and could lead to tension among national states which have jurisdiction over multinational enterprises in one way or another. The private parties involved in such a situation could somehow avoid such risks by their own initiatives and contractual arrangements but in most cases such measures do now work and the conflict has to be resolved through the cooperation between the countries involved. The paper investigates the potentials for public international law to come up with rules, principles and norms to resolve such complex disputes which touch up issues such as non-intervention, equality of sovereign states, state immunity, self-determination and other principles of international law. Unlike certain area of international law such as law of sea where a few factors involved and the disputes could be resolved by relying on simple facts and rules, the application of national economic regulations extraterritorially creates tensions among the nation states in respect of the demarcation of national jurisdictions. It is here that public international faces a new challenges and need to come up with new approaches such a balancing of interests of the states involved in the conflicts.     

Kelsen's Theory on International Law during His Exile in Geneva

Kelsen's monistic theory of international law was shaped during his exile in Geneva (1933–1940), but its deep roots are to be found in his Pure Theory of Law, centred on the neo‐Kantian notion of “system.” According to this conception, a legal system can only descend from a single principle. Consequently, Kelsen constructed a monistic theory of law, i.e., a legal system incorporating all norms into a pyramidal structure culminating in a single principle: the fundamental norm. This Kelsenian pyramid must also include international law, considering that if international law were a legal system different from national law (as the dualistic theory assumes), the theoretical construction would need two fundamental norms. This dualism is as incompatible with Kelsen's monistic vision as Schmitt's theory of “Great Spaces,” creating a hierarchical system of international relations. In the Kelsenian pyramid, international law occupies a position superior to national law: The consequences of this assumption are discussed in some documents recently published in German and French.     

国际法体系的结构分析

国际法是以体系的形式存在与发展的。构成这个体系的国际法规范,具有不同形态,分属众多部门,归于若干板块,由此形成了国际法规范的三种体系结构,即形态结构、部门结构和板块结构。对这些结构进行分析,有助于从整体上把握国际法存在与发展的特点,认识国际法规范间协调的规律,从而提供国际法体系结构有序化的理论支持。     

中国粮食安全国内法保障研究

粮食安全不仅是国家安全的重要组成部分,而且是发展国民经济与构建和谐社会的根本物质基础。为维护粮食安全,中国必须采取、完善包括技术、经济、行政、法律等多方面的保障手段和措施。基于此,中国必须针对粮食安全国内法保障目前所存缺陷,采取切实有效措施建立健全粮食安全国内法保障。第一,高度重视粮食安全及粮食安全国内法保障工作,加强粮食安全国内法保障理论研究,切实把建立健全粮食安全国内法保障作为当前重要任务来抓;第二,重新定位粮食安全国内法保障指导思想,将科学发展观与粮食安全观彻底贯彻于粮食安全国内法保障中;第三,恰当确定粮食安全国内法保障目标,合理界定粮食安全国内法保障原则,优化粮食安全国内法保障框架;第四,抓紧制定与完善粮食安全立法规划,集合中央与地方力量建立健全粮食安全国内法保障;第五,严格粮食安全行政执法,加强粮食安全行政执法监督,确保粮食安全法律制度得以正确实施。     

我国环境法律中的国家安全刍议

鉴于国家安全在我国经济和社会可持续发展中居于举足轻重的地位,本文从国家安全的内涵及其发展入手,论述运用环境法律制度保障国家安全的现实急迫性和法理基础,最后提出完善相关环境法律维护国家安全的建议措施。     

国际刑法的国内立法研究

在国内刑法中确认和体现国际刑法规范是缔约国应尽的国际义务,也是有效打击国际犯罪的需要。国际刑法公约中有关国际犯罪的实体法规定、程序和证据规则的规定、刑事合作的规定、预防性措施的规定等,应当成为国内立法体现国际刑法规范的主要内容。在中国,国内立法确认和体现国际刑法公约的主要途径有制定单行刑事法律、修改补充现有法律条款、立法解释和司法解释等。     

公司法律规范分类研究

公司法律规范的种类应当包括强制适用规范、授权适用规范和推定适用规范。强制适用规范是强行界定当事人权利义务关系的一种公法和私法相融合的法律规范,授权适用规范和推定适用规范有助于私法自治原则的推行。解析公司法律规范的研究目的在于,重构公司法律规范体系,即内在的规范体系和外在的规范体系。内在的规范体系由公司法、民法、合同法等私法规范构成,外在的规范体系由宪法、刑法、行政法等公法规范和内在规范体系共同形成一个统一的整体。     

Negligence and Human Rights Law: The Case for Separate Development

A number of judges and academics have argued in favour of the convergence of negligence law with human rights law. By contrast, the thesis of this article is that the two legal orders should develop independently, so that for the most part the law of negligence ought not to be affected by human rights considerations. It is argued that the case for convergence is based on two false assumptions, namely that human rights law and negligence law perform similar functions within our legal order and that the norms of human rights law are more fundamental than the norms encapsulated in negligence law. It is also argued that convergence would undermine the coherence of negligence law. Ultimately, the case for separate development rests on the desirability of recognising public law and private law as autonomous normative systems with their own distinctive rationales, concepts and core principles.     

试论农村习惯法与国家制定法的关系

处理好农村习惯法与国家制定法的关系,对于推进社会主义新农村建设具有积极意义。农村习惯法与国家制定法之间,既有法的目的等方面的一致性,也在法的规范、法的实施、法的价值等方面存在矛盾和冲突,习惯法对国家制定法在调整范围、功能方面还有一定的补充作用。     

妨害疫情防控行为的刑法适用之体系解释

国家司法机关制定发布的妨害疫情防控刑事司法意见是一种刑法适用性解释,与规范性司法解释相比,其具有间接的法律适用效力。从刑法体系解释角度看,有关妨害疫情防控的刑法规范、司法解释与司法意见应当是相互协调的。对刑事司法意见的适用进行解释应当遵循整体性、动态性、协调性原则,并运用同类解释规则、同一解释规则、排他解释规则,对以危险方法危害公共安全罪、妨害传染病防治罪、妨害公务罪等相关罪名进行适用性解释,实现严格依法从重处罚和宽严相济。     

Validity

Validity is the qualifying label of the norms in law and the acts executedin the name of the law, according to and by the force of which the norms andacts in question are recognized as the norms and the acts, respectively, ofthe existing legal system. This concept of validity, defining membership withinthe system,1 is simultaneously completed by a concept of validity that selectsand identifies the system itself. Accordingly, validity is also the qualifyinglabel of the system itself, according to and by the force of which the systemin question is recognized by the law and order of the international communityas one of the national legal systems.