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1.
From 1990 through 2004, same sex marriage emerged as a major policy issue. In responding to this controversial policy issue, many state legislatures demonstrated unusual behavior. A substantial minority of state legislatures continued to introduce new legislative bills on this topic long after the legal position of the respective state would indicate that the state had articulated a recognized and settled policy. In this article, we propose that the apparently aberrant behavior of these state legislatures can be explained in part by consideration of legislative signaling directed toward state courts. Specifically, we consider the attempt of state legislators to discourage intervention by the state courts around some policy issues.  相似文献   

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Abstract: Soon after the accession of eight post‐communist states from Central and Eastern Europe to the EU, the constitutional courts of some of these countries questioned the principle of supremacy of EU law over national constitutional systems, on the basis of their being the guardians of national standards of protection of human rights and of democratic principles. In doing so, they entered into the well‐known pattern of behaviour favoured by a number of constitutional courts of the ‘older Europe’, which is called a ‘Solange story’ for the purposes of this article. But this resistance is ridden with paradoxes, the most important of which is a democracy paradox: while accession to the EU was supposed to be the most stable guarantee for human rights and democracy in post‐communist states, how can the supremacy of EU law be now resisted on these very grounds? It is argued that the sources of these constitutional courts’ adherence to the ‘Solange’ pattern are primarily domestic, and that it is a way of strengthening their position vis‐à‐vis other national political actors, especially at a time when the role and independence of those courts face serious domestic challenges.  相似文献   

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Netherlands International Law Review - Based on analysis of a large number of recent domestic court cases on matters of customary international law (2000–2014), this article demonstrates...  相似文献   

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夏泽祥 《法学论坛》2006,21(1):139-144
依法治国的前提是依宪治国。在当下中国,依法治国方略虽然被写进了宪法,但宪法却没有得到很好的适用,宪法仍然缺乏必要的权威性。《宪法解释的理论建构》一书充分论证了“释宪演进模式”较之“立宪演进模式”在提高宪法权威方面的优越性,并从界定宪法解释的概念入手,对宪法解释的场合、主体、目标和原则做了令人信服的论证。尽管《宪法解释的理论建构》没有解决宪法解释的方法等技术层面上的问题,但该书对宪法解释主体的界定和对解释原则的论证已经为宪法解释的技术性研究扫清了理论障碍。  相似文献   

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The inquiry into the murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence in South London in 1993, which reported earlier this year, documents a catalogue of police incompetence and 'institutional racism'. The report also puts forward a number of far-reaching recommendations, echoing long-standing demands by the black community, for the reform of policing in Britain. Yet, in its approach to 'institutional racism', the report can be seen to have downplayed the need for a critical re-examination of policing policies and priorities at a strategic level. As a result, many of its key recommendations, in such areas as stop and search and the policing of racist crime, may prove ineffective. The government's commitment to 'anti-racism', following the Lawrence report, is also called into question by its subsequent decision to further restrict the rights of defendants and the ability of black people to defend themselves against racist police practices through the criminal justice system.  相似文献   

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How did advocacy at each level of the federal judiciary help shape the leading decision in American law of treason? This article, adapted from a forthcoming biography of Judge Harold R. Medina, is a case study based on Justice Department archives and the personal papers of Medina, Charles Fahy, and seven Supreme Court Justices. It analyzes the whole case, from the lawyers’standpoint, to illuminate the role of counsel in transforming a minor wartime incident into the first treason case decided on the merits by the Supreme Court and the tribunal's only decision during World War II to limit constitutional war powers. Accenting litigation strategy and the use of history in constitutional interpretation, it is a story also of the struggle by counsel on both sides of the case to uphold high professional standards amid the passions of total war.  相似文献   

7.
职务犯罪的初查工作是指检察机关自侦部门对报案、控告、举报、自首及其他可能涉及贪污贿赂等职务犯罪的材料和线索,按照案件管辖所进行的必要审查和调查,以判明是否有犯罪事实或犯罪嫌疑存在,是否需要依法追究刑事责任的专门的司法调查活动。这种审查和调查的目的,是为了判明是否有犯罪事实存在,是否需要追究刑事责任,以便决定是否立案。但职务犯罪初查制度在侦查机关的广泛施行并不代表其必然具有合法性及合理性,在实践中存在着不少值得商榷之处。  相似文献   

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This article analyses the Article 50 TEU debate and the argument that for the UK Government to trigger the formal withdrawal process without explicit parliamentary authorisation would be unlawful, because it would inevitably result in the removal of rights enjoyed under EU law and the frustration of the purpose of the statutes giving those rights domestic effect. After a brief survey of Article 50, this article argues first of all that the power to trigger Article 50 remains within the prerogative, contesting Robert Craig's argument in this issue that it is now a statutory power. It then suggests a number of arguments as to why the frustration principle may be of only doubtful application in this case, and in doing so it re‐examines one of the key authorities prayed in aid of it ‐ the Fire Brigades Union case.  相似文献   

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法律的合宪性解释是指法律有两种甚或多种解释可能时,择取其中与宪法不相抵触的解释。合宪性解释是一种法律解释方法,更是一项法律解释要求。此种解释方法对于维护国家法秩序的统一与稳定不可或缺,其正当性源于权力分立原则下的司法自制理念。合完性解释有其运用上的限制,对于字义本身违宪之法律适用合宪性解释是对此种解释方法的滥用与误用。在美国、德国等实行宪法审查的国家,合宪性解释方法在其司法实践中得到了广泛运用。具有实效性的宪法审查制度在我国尚未真正建立,合宪性解释方法在我国的司法裁判中有无适用空间值得商榷。  相似文献   

11.
由于职务犯罪案件具有与普通刑事犯罪案件不同的特点,从而决定了初查在职务犯罪侦查中的重要作用。初查方法是初查工作的核心所在,是侦查人员智慧和谋略的直接体现。通过对武汉市检察系统2003年至2007年查办的部分贪污贿赂犯罪案件初查方法的调查分析,可以看出当前职务犯罪初查方法仍存在诸多不足,同时也折射出初查制度本身的内在缺陷。在当前的反腐败形势下,应从立法上对检察机关在实践中采取的初查进行法律定位,从初查的价值取向出发合理配置初查权,同时大力加强职务犯罪侦查队伍的专业化建设。  相似文献   

12.
There is widespread agreement that the Australian ballot fundamentally altered the American electoral system. One common approach to test the effects of ballot reform is to examine legislators elected under the party and secret ballot. An alternative research design, which we adopt here, compares changes in the behavior of legislators who were elected under both ballot types. We use this approach to investigate whether ballot reform directly influenced legislators' decisions to seek renomination and their behavior within the institution. Our results raise a number of important implications for understanding the effects of electoral reform on political behavior.  相似文献   

13.
放弃请求制度的理论、释疑和立法建议   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文分析了放弃诉讼请求的性质和特征,认为放弃诉讼请求是民事诉讼法上的一个独立概念,它与撤诉有显著的区别。在此基础上,本文澄清了我国司法实践中因放弃诉讼请求所产生的一系列问题,最后提出了若干立法建议,认为放弃诉讼请求制度至少应包括如下内容:在法庭言词辩论阶段,可以放弃诉讼请求;一方放弃诉讼请求,不必得到对方当事人的同意;放弃请求可明示,也可默示;放弃请求后,诉权被消灭,禁止重新起诉。  相似文献   

14.
This article provides an overview of federal litigation involving the largest 2,000 U. S. corporations over the period 1971–91. Reporting from a unique data set of the authors'construction, it finds that althugh the aggregate volume of business litigation grew during the 1970s and early 1980s, it has actually been declining in recent years in all major categories of cases; business-related litigation is heavily concentrated, with an extremely limited number of business "mega-litigants" accounting for most of the activity; this concentration is particularly evident in tort, with the result that the tort trend line outside the concentration is actually flat or declining; a good deal of the growth in litigation outside the tort area can be attributed to business itself; and big business wins overwhelmingly, as plaintiff and defendant, in cases that involve it. The general applicability of these findings is limited by the data's restriction to federal court litigation and the structure of the Integrated Federal Court Data Base from which the authors'data set was constructed. This granted, the report is by far the most comprehensive treatment of U. S. big business litigation to date, and its findings are strikingly at odds with the premises of much current policy discussion.  相似文献   

15.
徐昕 《现代法学》2006,28(1):158-166
不论希腊神话还是历史材料,都说明了私力救济在古希腊的盛行。荷马时代以私力救济为主导,但随着法律的成长,私力救济的局限性逐渐暴露,复仇的循环最终被打破,公力救济产生于私力救济的夹缝之中。后来,原始的法院及其程序规则不断进化,逐渐发展为相对完备的司法制度,出现了陪审法庭,最终形成了比较复杂的诉讼规则。  相似文献   

16.
How do electoral opportunities affect politicians' career strategies? Do politicians behave strategically in response to the opportunities provided by the electoral calendar? We argue that in a legislature that combines nonstatic ambition with a staggered electoral calendar, different kinds of politicians will have dissimilar preferences towards running in concurrent or midterm elections. More specifically, politicians with no previous executive experience should strategically run in midterm legislative elections in order to increase their visibility among voters, while more experienced politicians should opt for concurrent elections. We support these claims with data from the Argentine Chamber of Deputies between 1983 and 2007.  相似文献   

17.
选择性执法是在约束条件下选择理性的资源配置方式,是放松管制的典型样态,其缓和了法律系统与生活实践的紧张关系,但也存在行政恣意的风险。应当承认,规则无法完全实施,但要建构一种平衡机制,以作出决定的主体、前瞻性或回溯性、绝对的不执行与个案裁量的不执行、标准与程序为标准进行类型化的规制分析。约束机制包括公开及参与的正当程序、制定选择性执法规则,以及责任体系的建立。责任体系的建构,一是厘清司法审查的范围;二是将普遍存在的选择性执法作为审视现行规则的信号,最好的规制方案是修改有关法律。  相似文献   

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Reexamination and reinterpretation of the “mature” (1955–1984) New Deal era of congressional attacks on the Supreme Court reveals a new hypothesis: that Court‐curbing efforts played a previously unrecognized role in party system development. Court rulings that create inter‐ and intraparty tension provide opportunities for various actors to attack the Court in an effort to solidify their faction's standing within national coalitional politics. Congressional attackers can use Court‐curbing resolutions and amendments in efforts to help them maintain coalitional cohesion, build a new majority, or consolidate previous victories. Thus, we might see legislative‐judicial relations as an unrecognized “site” of political development, where coalitional change is opposed and wrought.  相似文献   

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