mtDNA多态性在嗜尸性昆虫种类鉴定中的应用

嗜尸性昆虫的种类鉴定是利用昆虫学知识进行法医学研究的重要步骤之一.近年来研究表明,利用分子生物学技术,特别是线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)序列分析技术对嗜尸性昆虫进行种类鉴别,能够得到较好的效果.本文对嗜尸性昆虫mtDNA的分子生物学特性、结构以及嗜尸性昆虫种类鉴定中常用的mtDNA序列...     

从法医相关性昆虫体内提取人类DNA的研究进展

本文从嗜血性昆虫、嗜尸性昆虫、嗜骨性昆虫及实验技术等多角度阐述了从法医相关性昆虫嗉囔中提取人类DNA的可行性及国际研究和应用进展。     

从法医相关性昆虫体内提取人类DNA的研究进展

本文从嗜血性昆虫、嗜尸性昆虫、嗜骨性昆虫及实验技术等多角度阐述了从法医相关性昆虫嗉囔中提取人类DNA的可行性及国际研究和应用进展。     

法医DNA分析的其他应用

综述了法医DNA的多种用途,如人死后根据体内DNA变化情况推断死后时间间隔,利用线粒体DNA4977bp的缺失以及端粒的长度推断年龄;利用昆虫mtDNA的细胞色素氧化酶亚基I进行昆虫种属鉴定,以帮助确定人的腐尸死亡时间;利用一些食血昆虫体内的人DNA帮助了解与案件的关系;利用DNA标记进行动物如犬、牛、马及猪等个体识别与亲子鉴定,解决因动物引起的纠纷,或者利用DNA分析嫌疑人周围的动物毛发、植物及土壤微生物等,确定嫌疑人与案件的关系。     

人工智能技术时代法医学科面临的新机遇与挑战

传统的法医学鉴定依赖于法医专家提取信息,运用医学、生物学等多领域知识结合工作经验作出鉴定意见,不仅耗时耗力,而且存在难以克服的主观因素。在大数据时代,人工智能的蓬勃发展为法医学带来了新思路。近些年,国内外法医学者们基于人工智能技术开展了人脸识别、年龄及性别鉴定、DNA分析、死亡时间推断、损伤以及死亡原因鉴定等多方面的研究,显示出运用人工智能技术解决法医学鉴定问题的可行性与优越性。人工智能技术作为一种适应时代发展的崭新技术手段,为法医学带来新活力的同时,也带来了新挑战。如何科学应对这些挑战,形成人工智能和法医学协同发展的"人工智能+法医学"新模式,是大数据时代下法医学发展的新方向。     

DNA鉴定证据于亲子关系事件的适用研究——以台湾地区法院判决分析为例

亲子关系鉴定是判断人与人之间生物血缘关系的检验方式.1985年,英国遗传学家AlecJefferys首先把DNA鉴定的分析技术应用至亲子鉴定上,随后各国法院也把DNA鉴定作为判断亲子关系存否的证据.科学的进步势必会带动社会的变迁,而法律既然是一种社会规范,也必然将因科学的发展而改变.随着现代遗传医学及生物科学的进步,以DNA鉴定作为确认亲子关系的工具,其准确率已几近百分之百.然而,追求子女的最佳利益已经是亲子关系事件处理的最高指导原则,既然DNA鉴定有如此高的准确程度,势必会对亲子关系的建立方式带来一定程度的冲击,而法律也必须对这样的冲击做出回应与调整.     

DNA鉴定技术及其在刑事侦查中的应用

随着社会经济的迅速发展,科学技术也得到了一定的发展,DNA鉴定技术也被广泛的应用到各个领域,为刑事侦查工作提供了准确的侦查线索,在一定程度上加快了破案的速度,DNA鉴定技术在刑事侦查中的应用,是刑事侦查技术和生物科技的一次完美结合,打破了传统的刑事侦查策略。DNA作为每个人与生俱来的"身份证",具有独特的科学性、准确性以及排他性,不仅能够证明不同个体的身份,还能够为刑事案件的侦破提供强有力的技术支撑,是现代高科技司法的重要手段,并且被广大的刑事侦查人员称为证据之王,同时也为打击犯罪,维护社会治安稳定做出了一定的贡献。但是DAN鉴定技术并非是绝对可靠的,它会由于受到很多因素的影响,而最终导致鉴定结果的准确度和可靠性降低。本文分析了DNA鉴定技术,讨论了DNA鉴定技术在刑事侦查中的应用,并探讨了DNA鉴定技术在刑事侦查中应该注意的问题,以及DNA鉴定技术在刑事侦查中应用的方向。     

我国法医昆虫学的研究进展

法医昆虫学是应用昆虫学知识解决有关法律问题的法医学分支学科。在推断死亡时间等方面具有明显优势。本文在阐述法医昆虫学定义和研究内容基础上,综述尸体上的昆虫生态群落演替现象、昆虫发育形态学、DNA分析技术的应用、法医昆虫毒理学等法医昆虫学问题在我国的研究进展。     

美国法庭DNA鉴定实验室质量控制标准

法庭DNA鉴定技术的迅猛发展,使得对法庭DNA鉴定技术进行标准化十分必要,为了促进我国法庭DNA鉴定技术的标准化,我们特别翻译了《美国法庭DNA鉴定实验室质量控制标准》一文,以供大家参考。简介本文包括定义与标准。标准是对相关实验室质量控制程序的特殊的强制性的要求。本文本提到的类同的措施也可用于此标准。1概述本标准是经常从事DNA鉴定的法庭DNA实验室所应遵循的,以保证数据的正确性和完整性以及整个实验室技术的熟练程度,各实验室在遵循本标准的同时可以提出意见来完善本标准。2定义以下各条在使用时有其特殊意义：（1…     

DNA鉴定技术及其在诉讼法视野下的审查判断

DNA鉴定技术有着强大的同一认定功能,文中具体讨论了DNA鉴定的技术原理与精准度。DNA鉴定结论与其他诉讼证据相结合,成为了法庭科学的强有力武器。但从法庭科学实践来看,DNA鉴定结论和其他鉴定结论一样,也是证据的一种,将DNA鉴定结论应用到司法领域时还需经审查判断,建立严格的采信标准,使之与司法规则相契合,并需要相关法律来规范DNA鉴定数据的使用。     

广东省室内、室外及中毒死亡案件中法医昆虫学的应用报道

基于昆虫的死亡时间推断是目前最为有效和最准确的方法,本文介绍了广东省4例应用昆虫准确判断死亡时间的案例,这些案例分别发生于3月、5月和6月,现场包括室外现场和室内现场,尸体类型包括死亡不久的尸体和高度腐败的尸体,死亡原因包括钝器窒息、锐器致死、勒颈致死及过量药物中毒致死,其中过量药物中毒致死的案例由于体内含有49倍致死剂量的氯氮平从而使昆虫的发育受到严重影响进一步使得死亡时间推断时间结果比真实时间短。     

Genetic relationships between blowflies (Calliphoridae) of forensic importance.

Phylogenetic relationships among blowfly (Calliphoridae) species of forensic importance are explored using DNA sequence data from the large sub-unit (lsu, 28S) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, the study includes representatives of a range of calliphorid species commonly encountered in forensic analysis in Britain and Europe. The data presented provide a basis to define molecular markers, including the identification of highly informative intra-sequence regions, which may be of use in the identification of larvae for forensic entomology. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences also provides new insights into the different evolutionary patterns apparent within the family Calliphoridae which, additionally, can provide a measure of the degree of genetic variation likely to be encountered within taxonomic groups of differing forensic utility.     

近十年来我国现代法医昆虫学研究进展

法医昆虫学(Forensic entomology)指的是应用昆虫学知识解决法律上问题的法医学分支学科,在死后间隔时间判断,特别是腐败尸体的死后间隔时间判断等方面有著无可比拟的优越性。本文讨论了法医昆虫学的研究领域,从理论研究与实践应用两方面概述了近十年来法医昆虫学在我国的进展。     

尸源性昆虫的法医学研究进展

尸源性昆虫学是应用昆虫学知识解决有关法律问题的法医学分支学科,对死亡时间的推断。特别是腐败尸体的死后间隔时间的推断等方面具有无可比拟的优越性。本文根据国内外近期法医昆虫学方面的研究进展,阐述了尸源性昆虫的研究历史、种类和侵蚀过程,并总结了尸源性昆虫形态学及分子生物学的种属鉴定方法。及近几年来在推断死亡时间方面的具体应用。就尸源性昆虫在法医学领域内的应用及进展进行综述。     

DNA Barcoding in Forensic Entomology – Establishing a DNA Reference Library of Potentially Forensic Relevant Arthropod Species,

Throughout the years, DNA barcoding has gained in importance in forensic entomology as it leads to fast and reliable species determination. High‐quality results, however, can only be achieved with a comprehensive DNA barcode reference database at hand. In collaboration with the Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, we have initiated at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology the establishment of a reference library containing arthropods of potential forensic relevance to be used for DNA barcoding applications. CO1‐5P’ DNA barcode sequences of hundreds of arthropods were obtained via DNA extraction, PCR and Sanger Sequencing, leading to the establishment of a database containing 502 high‐quality sequences which provide coverage for 88 arthropod species. Furthermore, we demonstrate an application example of this library using it as a backbone to a high throughput sequencing analysis of arthropod bulk samples collected from human corpses, which enabled the identification of 31 different arthropod Barcode Index Numbers.     

Forensic entomology: application, education and research in Western Australia.

Forensic entomology as a science and a tool for investigation has had slow beginnings in Australia. A number of small animal decomposition trials have been recorded in the literature but mostly from an ecological rather than a forensic entomology perspective. In the last 20 years, a number of more forensically orientated field trials on small pigs and some fly developmental trials in the laboratory have been conducted but lack any replication. The following article was presented at an international seminar to detail the current research in forensic entomology, the applications of forensic entomology in scene of crime (SOC) and homicide investigations and the education of police and judiciary in the discipline of forensic entomology in Western Australia over the last 10 years.     

An alternative for the extraction and storage of DNA from insects in forensic entomology

An important area of recent research in forensic entomology has been the use of insect DNA to provide identification of insects for fast and accurate estimation of time since death. This requires DNA to be extracted efficiently and in a state suitable for use in molecular procedures, and then stored on a long-term basis. In this study, Whatman FTA cards were tested for use with the Calliphoridae (Diptera). In particular, testing examined their ability to effectively extract DNA from specimens, and store and provide DNA template in a suitable condition for amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The cards provided DNA that was able to be amplified from a variety of life stages, and thus appears to be of sufficient quality and quantity for use in subsequent procedures. FTA cards therefore appear suitable for use with calliphorids, and provide a new method of extraction that is simple and efficient and allows for storage and transportation without refrigeration, consequently simplifying the handling of DNA in forensic entomological cases.     

STR and SNP analysis of human DNA from Lucilia sericata larvae's gut contents

Importance of forensic entomology becomes inevitable when come across some incident where corpse is unidentifiable and lot of maggots or other insects are present. The most common application of forensic entomology is to use insects for the identification of specimens or human remains. DNA analysis recovered from a larva's gut contents can be used to identify a missing body. The obtained human STR and SNP profile support the association of a maggot to a specific patients or corpse. Main aim of this research was the identification of human DNA from gut contents of third instar maggots (larvae of Lucilia sericata) placed on diabetic patient's wounds for treatment purpose. Maggots (8–15) were taken from each diabetic patients (no. of the patients 8) and DNA was extracted from the gut contents manually by using Qiagen tissue protocol. Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed and the total size of DNA was seen using UV transilluminator. PCR amplification, STRs and SNPs profiling was then performed using PCR 9700 and AmpFLSTR Identifiler and SnaPshot Multiplex Kit (Applied Biosystems) respectively. The results were analyzed on ABI 310. SNP profiles were good and identifiable compared to the STRs where amplification was poor and the peaks were low. This may be the fact of the enzymatic activity present in the gut of the larvae which cause tremendous reduction in DNA size and thus yield. The results of this study reveals that it is possible to obtain a complete human profile using STRs and SNPs even if DNA is recovered from gut contents of maggots.     

Molecular identification of forensically important fly species in Spain using COI barcodes

Species identification with DNA barcodes has been proven to be effective on different organisms and, particularly, has become a routinely used and quite accurate tool in forensic entomology to study necrophagous Diptera species. In this study, we analysed 215 specimens belonging to 42 species of 17 genera, from 9 different Diptera families. Flies were collected in 39 Spanish localities of the Iberian Peninsula sampled across three years in the four seasons. Intraspecific variation ranged from 0 to 2.46% whereas interspecific variation fluctuated from 3.07 to 14.59%, measuring 651 pb of the cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI) gene. Neighbour-Joining analysis was carried out to investigate the molecular identification capabilities of the barcoding region, recovering almost all species as distinct monophyletic groups. The species groupings were generally consistent with morphological and molecular identifications. This work, which is the first with this intensive and extensive sampling in this area, shows that the COI barcode is an appropriate marker for unambiguous identification of forensically important Diptera in Spain.