共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule for over two centuries until 1947. To administer the large country
and its diverse population, the British designed a criminal justice administrative system which played a key role in maintaining
their dominance and hegemony. In particular, the police organization, largely composed of natives, furthered the goals of
colonial dominance through its functions of order maintenance, crime control, and surveillance. This paper, using Gramsci’s
conception of hegemony and Foucault’s study of disciplining and control, analyzes the important role that the police played
in maintaining British rule in India.
相似文献
2.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
相似文献
3.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
相似文献
4.
The world studied by empirical criminal justice research is babble—a congeries of voices whose meanings represent many normative
worlds. Our research designs provide a frame for the babble, and our statistics codify and simplify it. We provide analytic
portraits of it and, using the substantive language of crime control, give those portraits meaning. Yet, those meanings are
located in a crime control discourse that de-legitimizes and destroys those normative worlds. This paper, an interpretive
montage, is a collection of fractured narratives assembled to show that interpretation has something to offer the way we think
about knowledge production in the field of criminal justice. It is also a cautionary tale to students in criminal justice,
to remember that our scientific abstractions are an abstraction from the underlying realities of human life, not a “deeper”
or in some way more real understanding. Our aim is to move the babble—the humanity from which the voices emerge—back into
the foreground of justice research.
相似文献
5.
Considering earlier research into police use of force as well as the judicial and practical frame of police work in Germany,
the article presents the results of an empirical study on the individual and collective legitimization of the use of force
by German police officers. There are numerous justifications for the use of force expressed by focus group participants in
eight German Federal States who were responding to a hypothesized scenario. In the discussions observed within the groups,
reference is first made to the state’s duty to prosecute alleged offences and the measures or formal actions to do this—hence,
the legal authority to use force. In the course of the discussions, however, it became obvious that illegal violence may occur,
although it was not perceived as such by the officers. Overall, and after an intensive analysis of the focus group discussions,
it can be stated that use of force (whether legal or not) depends on the police officer’s perception of the resistance of
the person being engaged with. In this regard, different social–cultural or physical–material factors can be identified. They
have different influences on the individual legitimization of police actions, intertwined with the perception of the situation
as constructed by the officer. Three ways of perceiving the situation can be deduced, resulting in different patterns of justification
for the use of force.
相似文献
6.
Police reform plays a key role in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s internationally-supervised statebuilding process. It is one of
the four key conditions to move the country closer to its European future. Against this background the article analyses the
role that the European Union Police Mission (EUPM) plays in preparing Bosnian police agencies for this challenge. Using as
guiding tools some of the key elements of the Mission’s leitmotif—local ownership, European police standards—the article comes
to the conclusion that EUPM has introduced much needed reforms but these have been overshadowed, among other things, by the
police restructuring process and its unnecessary politicisation of “European police standards/practices” to fit a model of
statehood not shared by all local stakeholders.
相似文献
7.
More than a year after the killing of an innocent man, Jean Charles de Menezes, wrongly suspected by the Metropolitan Police
of being a suicide bomber, the authors consider police accountability in combating terrorism. The authors argue that traditional
policing styles in the UK are based on notions of reasonableness, compromise and respect for the individuals’ rights. A central
tenet of our consent to be policed is the considered and rare use by police of coercive force, which is premised on a continuum
ranging from negotiation at one extreme to lethal consequences at the other. Combating suicide terrorism in the UK using developed
policies like Operation Kratos means that police are restricted to shooting to kill. Although there is undoubtedly a consensus
that combating terrorism requires a robust and overt response, the authors ask whether it is ever possible to achieve a balance
between liberty, security, and police accountability when dealing with difficult terrorist incidents. Police accountability
is assessed in the context of operational policy-making and how that impacts on specialist police forces engaged in anti-terrorist
operations. The authors conclude that since the introduction of Operation Kratos the nature of policing, and also its structure,
is changing from being covert, understated and reasonable, to a zero tolerance, military, overt and oppressive style. In other
words, traditional reactive policing styles have given way to a proactive military approach. Military styles of policing with
overt displays of force tend to overlook civil rights and make more mistakes. We must be able to trust our police, because
a trustworthy police is one which acknowledges our civil rights.
相似文献
8.
Questions and answers about incapacitation abound in all discussions about criminal justice policy. They are among the most
pressing of all research issues, yet estimates about the incapacitation effect on crime vary considerably, and most are based
on very old and incomplete estimates of the longitudinal pattern of criminal careers. This paper provides an overview of the
incapacitation issue, highlights information on recent estimates of criminal careers that are useful to the incapacitation
model, and outlines an ambitious research agenda for continued and expanded work on incapacitation and crime that centers
on developing better estimates of the characteristics of criminal careers and their relevance to policy choices.
相似文献
9.
Much of the criminal justice literature indicates that people’s support for harsh criminal sanctions such as the death penalty
is strongly related to their beliefs about deterrence and their beliefs about retribution. In this paper, using social dominance
theory as our organizing framework, we expand upon this literature by showing that social dominance orientation (SDO) is also
related to support for harsh criminal sanctions, as well as to deterrence and retribution beliefs. In addition, we show that
the relationships between SDO, on the one hand, and support for various forms of severe criminal sanctions, on the other,
are mediated by deterrence and retribution beliefs.
相似文献
10.
This paper explores the under-researched topic of young people’s attitudes towards police in two studies using structural
equation modelling. The first study examines the influence of police legitimacy on the willingness of young people to assist
police. The second study examines the impact of informal contact with police during a community policing project on young
people’s willingness to assist police. Findings show that young people who view police as legitimate are more willing to assist
police. Participation in the community policing project had a significant and positive influence on young people’s willingness
to assist police independent of young people’s attitudes about police legitimacy.
相似文献
11.
The longstanding connection between criminological theory, research and the design and delivery of criminal justice policy
has been challenged in the last 3 decades by a variety of constraints such as the rise of neoconservative attitudes, symbolic
public discourses about crime, and the proliferation of capture, monitor, and detect strategies brought about by technological
innovation. Building on Kevin Haggerty’s (2004. Displaced expertise: three constraints on the policy-relevance of criminological
thought. Theoretical Criminology, 8(2), 211–231.) exploration of the external factors that challenge the transition from criminological theory to criminal justice
policy and practice, this paper considers internal challenges that may also be relevant. By examining two recent critical
criminological orientating strategies, namely left realism and constitutive criminology, the paper concludes by suggesting
that an integrated perspective which draws strengths from each of these approaches could assist critical criminologists to
better influence policy in the future.
相似文献
12.
This article reviews studies of China’s correctional system and recidivism in approximately the last two decades. Studies
on the Chinese correctional system may be grouped into two subfields, one on studies of the correctional system itself (e.g.,
the composition and the function of the system), and the other on studies of prison inmates in other related topics (e.g.,
their criminal behavior). Studies on China’s recidivism showed a very low recidivism rate, and China’s crime prevention strategies
were closely related to its societal structure and social control. Future studies in these two areas need to focus on the
most recent changes in the Chinese criminal justice system, and gain more access to Chinese prisons to do empirical testing.
相似文献
13.
This article starts from the observation that in classical Athens the discovery of democracy as a normative model of politics
has been from the beginning not only a political and a legal but at the same time a philosophical enterprise. Reflections
on the concept of criminal law and on the meaning of punishment can greatly benefit from reflections on Athenian democracy
as a germ for our contemporary debate on criminal justice in a democracy. Three main characteristics of the Athenian model
will be analysed: the self-instituting capacity of a democracy based on participatory and reflective citizenship, political
power as the capacity of citizens for co-operating and co-acting with others, and the crime of hubris as one of the key issues
in Athenian criminal law. These analyses will lead to the conclusion that one of the key issues of a democratic legal order
lies in its capacity of recognizing the fragility of the human condition and of developing workable and effective standards
of justice in that context. A relational conception of criminal law and punishment, based on proportionality, reflexivity,
mutual respect and responsibility fits best with a democracy under the rule of law.
相似文献
14.
This commentary on Michael Cahill’s Grading Arson argues that Cahill’s analysis inevitably leads to three possible conclusions. First, arson does not belong in criminal codes.
Second, crimes of manner do not belong in criminal codes. And, third, the special part needs serious reconsideration. Although
Cahill is reticent to draw any of these conclusions, this commentary urges Cahill to embrace all three.
相似文献
16.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
相似文献
17.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
相似文献
19.
The National Research Council’s report on evaluating anticrime programs contains sensible suggestions for improving evaluation
research in criminal justice but neglects the important role of substantive theory in linking evaluations of anticrime initiatives
to variation in crime rates across time and place. A working knowledge of crime rates is essential for designing and evaluating
anticrime programs. This essay calls for the development of a policy evaluation infrastructure that would support the continuous
monitoring of crime rates, generate knowledge of crime-producing conditions, and link evaluation research findings to one
another and to expected policy outcomes, notably crime reduction.
相似文献
20.
Using social network analysis (SNA), we propose a model for targeting criminal networks. The model we present here is a revised
version of our existing model (Schwartz and Rouselle in IALEIA Journal, 18(1):18–14, 2008), which itself builds on Steve Borgatti’s SNA-based key player approach. Whereas Borgatti’s approach focuses solely on actors’
network positions, our model also incorporates the relative strength or potency of actors, as well as the strength of the
relationships binding network actors.
相似文献
|