车辆部件损坏与事故关系的技术鉴定

目的通过一起交通事故车辆转向器总成损坏与事敞关系鉴定的案例,介绍如何对车辆部件损坏情况与事故发生是否有关进行技术鉴定。方法从痕迹学、车辆工程学等方面,对提供的检材进行检验,根据检验结果,结合转向器总成构造及工作原理,对事故车辆转向器损坏与事故关系进行综合分析。结果排除了事故车辆因转向器故障而诱发事故的可能性。结论道路交通事故车辆部件损坏与事故关系鉴定需要多学科、多专业的技术支撑。     

A traffic accident caused by fatigue failure of axle

An investigation of a traffic accident involving a tractor-trailer and a passenger car that were traveling at high speed is presented. The cause was the fracture of a trailer axle. The investigation showed that the fracture was because of the fatigue failure. In addition, cracks were found in the remaining three trailer wheels. Hardness measurements showed that, because of inadequate heat treatment of the metal, they were prone to failure.     

Determining direction in cases of bodies run over by automobile wheels

Investigation of injuries sustained by 110 pedestrians during fatal traffic accident and observed in 8 biomannequins during experimental overrun by car wheels resulted in detection of morphological features indicating overrun direction and posture of a victim. It was stated that in case of multiple trauma the areas of wheel rolling and primary force application in collision with a car are located at opposite sides.     

When is 100% inspection not enough? An analysis of three pickup truck front wheel assembly failures

The loss of a cotter pin in the front wheel assembly of cars and trucks has been a problem for several years. This is shown by the fact that the automobile manufacturers have been committed to a 100% inspection of the process for installing them on cars and trucks. In this paper, three accident cases are presented, along with a method by which the forensic engineer can determine if a cotter pin has ever been installed on the front wheel assembly. Testing was done to show what the spindle would look like if the cotter pin had been installed properly and forcibly removed. Photographs show both the accident and test spindle for comparison.     

论面向事故处理的道路交通事故鉴定体系的构建

针对《道路交通安全法》的规定和交通事故处理的需求,结合实际交通事故鉴定经验,应用系统科学理论构建了面向事故处理的道路交通事故鉴定体系,明确了交通事故鉴定的目的和作用,将涉及交通事故的跨学科、跨专业的各类专门性技术鉴定有机统一在交通事故鉴定体系中。     

道路交通事故处理警务模式之完善

我国交通事故处理存在着处理质量不高、公信力不强的情况，其原因在于其警务模式不能适应当前专业化的要求。建立专门的事故处理机构，完善事故认定监督，改进事故处理备勤制度，改善待遇稳定处理人员队伍，引进激励机制促进积极性，完善培训学习制度以图从根本上提高交通事故处理的质量。     

海峡两岸强制汽车责任保险法律制度比较研究——从国际趋势和受害人保护看两岸措施统合之必要

强制的机动车损害赔偿责任保险,是及时、妥当地救济受害人,抑制交通事故,保障机动车事业正常发展的重要法律制度。关于海峡两岸的强制机动车损害赔偿责任保险制度,我国现行法律亟待完善,台湾地区则走在世界的前列。为与国际接轨,统合两岸措施,将能极大地促进法治国家建设,利国利民。     

Fatal thoracic compression after being partially run over by an automobile

The authors report on a fatal pedestrian accident in which the victim lay on the street and got under a car being run over by one of the front wheels. Both the car driver and the killed pedestrian were strongly alcohol-intoxicated at the time of the accident (2.45 a.m.). After the car had come to a standstill, the pedestrian remained trapped under the car until she was rescued by the fire brigade. On the basis of the autopsy findings and the technical expert opinion it could be reconstructed that the pedestrian's death was not caused by the consequences of being run over by the car, but by the subsequent compression of her thorax in the final accident position.     

论我国道路交通事故鉴定存在的问题与对策

当前道路交通事故鉴定存在着鉴定项目及其内容缺乏清晰界定，鉴定机构缺失，鉴定制度建设不完善等问题，事故处理实践中存在鉴定范围扩大化倾向，部分事故处理人员在事故处理过程中遇到难题往鉴定上推，推卸对事故证据的具体分析和案情的综合评判责任。解决的方法是界定交通事故鉴定项目的范围，明确鉴定与事故处理人员分析认定的处理方法，建立自上而下的鉴定系统体系，加强鉴定人的管理制度并完善相应的监督机制。     

道路交通事故责任归责原则的演进与《道路交通安全法》第76条

20世纪以来尤其是二战以后,汽车成为大众的普通代步工具,交通事故逐渐成为最常见的一种人身伤害事故。各国立法者开始高度注意道路交通事故的民事赔偿问题,逐步建立起过错推定、无过错责任或严格责任的归责原则。《道路交通安全法》第76条确立了一个归责原则体系,对于不同情况下的责任承担适用不同的归责原则。这样的规定最有利于保护受害人,同时也不至于让加害人承担过重的赔偿责任;同时,设立机动车第三者责任险意义重大。     

基于痕迹检验的交通事故再现鉴定案例分析

交通事故再现是确定交通事故责任和事故成因的方法之一。在利用事故再现仿真软件进行交通事故再现过程中,应以交通事故现场痕迹的客观事实为依据。结合一起汽车与两轮车碰撞的交通事故案例,通过交通事故现场痕迹检验,分析交通事故形态,确定相关仿真再现参数。利用PC-crash软件,建立汽车、两轮车和人体模型,进行事故重建,并利用路面痕迹、车体痕迹、人体痕迹等对再现结果进行了验证。在鉴定中将事故过程再现与现场痕迹鉴定结合起来,提高了交通事故鉴定的客观性和科学性。     

再议交通事故认定行为的法律性质

对于交警部门在履行处理交通事故职责中作出的交通事故责任认定究竟为何属性,众说纷纭,因为它直接关系到当交通事故认定出现偏差时,可否司法审查进而有效地维护交通事故当事人的合法权益,监督交警部门依法履行职责,正确处理交通事故的问题。根据交通事故处理法律、法规的规定,交通事故认定行为的法律性质是具体行政行为。     

Different Mechanisms of Decapitation: Three Classic and One Unique Case History

Abstract: Three classic cases and one exceptional case are reported. The unique case of decapitation took place in a traffic accident, while the others were seen after homicide, vehicle‐assisted suicide, and after long‐jump hanging. Thorough scene examinations were performed, and photographs from the scene were available in all cases. Through the autopsy of each case, the mechanism for the decapitation in each case was revealed. The severance lines were through the neck and the cervical vertebral column, except for in the motor vehicle accident case, where the base of skull was fractured. This case was also unusual as the mechanism was blunt force. In the homicide case, the mechanism was the use of a knife combined with a saw, while in the two last cases, a ligature made the cut through the neck. The different mechanisms in these decapitations are suggested.     

道路交通事故现场图绘制系统开发研究及应用

实现了计算机辅助交警绘制道路交通事故现场图，以此提高事故现场信息收集及以现场图记录内容的效率和精度。具有基本图形绘制，人体、道路、车辆、痕迹和道路交通设施绘制，标注和文档管理等四大功能。实践表明，该系统在交警部门实际交通事故勘查中具有一定的实用推广价值。     

Computer simulation of the accident with nine victims

In the paper we wish to emphasise the significance of vehicle driving dynamics analysis in the collision phase and occupant load analysis by means of using a software environment. Thereby we also wish to present the results of the simulation of the course of a traffic accident with nine victims that arose from a collision between an Audi A6 passenger car and the VW Caravelle van. In treating the traffic accident the forensic expert was faced with the questions about what caused the injuries to the front passenger in the Audi A6 passenger car, about the way the two vehicles had collided, about their collision velocities, about the way the two vehicles were handled and about the causes that originated the traffic accident. The critical situation on the road was a consequence of the tiredness of the van driver, the inadequate use of the passive safety systems and overloading the van.     

498例海口市道路交通事故死亡案例的法医学分析

目的分析海口市道路交通事故死亡案件的特点,为死亡原因鉴定及预防提供参考依据。方法收集2014—2016年海口市公安局交警支队受理的498例道路交通事故死亡的案例资料,对性别、年龄、案发时间、死者交通方式、肇事车辆类型及死亡原因等相关参数进行分析。结果死者年龄以21~40岁居多,男女性之比为3∶1;案发时间以每年3、4、5月及10月,每天的6:01~8:00及20:01~22:00为高峰期;死者交通方式以驾(摩托车和电动车)的发生率最高(30.9%);肇事车辆以摩托车和电动车为主(57.4%);死亡原因以颅脑损伤居多,胸腹部损伤次之。结论道路交通事故死亡案件的尸体检验对死亡性质及责任认定有重要作用和意义。     

Cerebral infarct following traumatic carotid artery thrombosis

An autopsy case of a 45-year-old man is presented. The man had sustained a minor head injury in a traffic accident 11 years ago previously and 5 years later had a cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of the carotid artery. There was histological evidence of a traumatic lesion of the vessel wall. Several contradictory expert opinions were rendered regarding the questionable causal relationship between occlusion of the artery and the previous trauma. In the court of appeal, an agreement was arrived at between the widow of the deceased and the third-party insurance of the person responsible for the accident.     

Diffuse vascular injury in fatal road traffic accident victims: its relationship to diffuse axonal injury

The authors have reported a macro- and microscopic study of brain lesions in 120 victims of fatal road traffic accidents, independent of the survival time. Diffuse vascular injury (DVI) was found in 14 patients (11.7%). All patients with DVI died within 24 h after the accident. The 14 patients with DVI also showed severe (Grade 2 or 3) diffuse axonal injury (DAI). Since DVI is restricted to road traffic accidents and incompatible with life, the high frequency observed in our series could be explained by the fact that all 120 patients were victims of road traffic accidents, and 69.2% had died within 24 h after the accident. The association between DVI and severe DAI (Grades 2 and 3) suggests that both lesions depend on the same mechanism, with the degree of axonal and vascular damage being determined by the intensity of the head acceleration. Our results show a relationship between DVI and DAI that suggest there may be a spectrum or at least a continuum between these entities as distinct from DVI being a separate entity.     

Driving under the influence in Greece: a 7-year survey (1998-2004)

Alcohol is one of the main causes of traffic accidents worldwide. Its use decreases significantly the driving ability of an individual increasing in this way the possibilities of their involvement in motor-vehicle accidents. The above possibilities are increased when a psychoactive substance has been taken in combination with alcohol due to their synergistic effect. The Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of the University of Athens is authorized to perform the toxicological investigation of traffic accidents that happen in the southern part of Greece. The objective of the present study was to identify the prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances among drivers involved in road traffic accidents in Greece during the period 1998-2004. Alcohol was detected in the blood of about 37% of the drivers involved in traffic accident during the years 1998-2000. The detection of alcohol was lower (29%) in the years 2001-2004. Cannabis, benzodiazepines, opiates, and cocaine were found in 4%, 4%, 4% and 1% of the total number of cases, respectively. The above values were compared with those of a previous study concerning the period 1995-1997 and the reasons for the reduction of the number of alcohol-related traffic accidents during the last years are discussed.     

交通事故鉴定和事故勘查在事故分析中的作用

通过对交通事故鉴定现状和多个案例的分析．讨论交通事故鉴定和事故勘查在事故分析中的作用,以及交通事故鉴定部门和事故勘查部门在具体案例中协作的关联性,认为在交通事故发生后,交通事故勘查部门和鉴定部门应各司其职,在证据的发现、收集及补全上相互协作。才能科学地做出交通事故鉴定,保证事故成因分析的客观性,公正性。