The phenomenon of gene linkage and recombination in the paternity test

The phenomenon of gene linkage and recombination may nearly be overlooked in paternity test of one single child, but it is likely encountered in paternity test of twin or more. In a case of paternity test, the results of 17 items including eight DNA loci were analyzed and the phenomenon of gene linkage and recombination was discussed in detail. This phenomenon should be brought into necessary attention in the paternity test.     

Application of probability of paternity calculations to an alleged incestuous relationship

An alleged case of incest between half siblings has been examined by standard blood grouping and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) serology. The data were analyzed statistically using single and joint possibilities of paternity. The existence of the alleged relationship between the two parties in question is quite probable.     

Ninety-five percent probability of paternity with HLA,ABO and haptoglobins

Using HLA tissue typing as the basic genetic test along with ABO and haptoglobin typing, it is generally possible either to exclude a putative father conclusively or, in non-exclusion cases, to assign a greater than 95% probability of paternity. In 22 of 53 non-exclusion cases, the putative father had a probability of paternity above 99% based on these genetic tests.     

Calculating the exclusion probability and paternity index for X-chromosomal loci in the presence of substructure

There has been recent interest in the use of X-chromosomal loci for forensic and relatedness testing casework, with many authors developing new X-linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci suitable for forensic use. Here we present formulae for two key quantities in paternity testing, the average probability of exclusion and the paternity index, which are suitable for X-chromosomal loci in the presence of population substructure.     

The use of chromosomes in paternity actions

The authors performed paternity investigations for many years by the order of the court and on this basis they give expert opinion in discussed paternity cases. In recent years opinion was given with the help of chromosome studies in cases where neither blood group nor anthropology investigations were decisive. From a couple of hundred persons the thickening of the heterochromatic part of the chromosomes studied by C-band methods is evaluated (1, 9, 16, Y) and (within this) the occurrence of total or partial inversion is observed. The frequency of polymorphism was studied among the chromosomes investigated by the C-band technique. From these data the authors aimed at deducing exact relationship: and forming the most exact possible expert's opinion in this problem which is of social significance as well.     

A simple method for calculating the probability of excluding paternity with any number of codominant alleles

A simple formula for calculating the probability of excluding paternity with a system determined by any number of codominant alleles was devised. Two computer programs are also described, which can be used when the genetic system is much more complicated.     

论辅助生殖子女的亲权关系认定

生物基因工程学科的最新发展，为人类福祉的增进，提供无限广阔的前景，人类辅助生殖技术即属其一，它在造福人类的同时，也带来了大量涉及社会、道德、伦理和法律方面的问题。本文通过对自然生殖状态亲子关系的剖析，对照性分析如何认定人工辅助生殖的子女在法律上的地位。     

Correlation of paternity index with probability of exclusion and efficiency criteria of genetic markers for parternity testing

The statistical correlation between the chance of paternity exclusion and paternity index is explored to derive a new criterion of judging the efficiency of an array of genetic determinations for parentage diagnosis. The theoretical basis is illustrated with allele frequency data on genetic markers used in a paternity testing protocol to examine the possible effects of changing the genetic systems on the prospect of identifying fathers by genetic markers.     

论辅助生殖子女的亲权关系认定

生物基因工程学科的最新发展,为人类福祉的增进,提供无限广阔的前景,人类辅助生殖技术即属其一,它在造福人类的同时,也带来了大量涉及社会、道德、伦理和法律方面的问题。本文通过对自然生殖状态亲子关系的剖析,对照性分析如何认定人工辅助生殖的子女在法律上的地位。     

The palatal ruga pattern in possible paternity determination

The use of a genetic marker in paternity determination has been successful with the ABO blood group system but unsuccessful in dermatoglyphics and palatal rugae because the genetic mechanism is polygenic. The palatal rugae of 17 families (34 parents and 49 children) were classified and recorded, and the data used to construct a statistical analysis system (SAS) cluster map. A positive result would have meant a father clustering with all his children at Level 83, where, in fact, the best result achieved was at Level 5. The best cluster occurred at Level 82 between the ten-year-old boy of Family 7 and the eleven-year-old girl of Family 3. It is thus clear that the palatal rugae cannot be used in a practical procedure to determine paternity.     

亲子关系诉讼中的亲子鉴定推定及其改革

最高人民法院于2011年创制的亲子鉴定推定以实现亲子确认诉讼的确定性解决为目标,主要的缺陷是模糊了举证证明责任制度的程序地位、与举证证明责任的程序功能相悖、适用条件模糊。作为其理论依据的证明妨碍理论难以为亲子鉴定推定提供正当性,事实上域外很少有采用亲子鉴定推定的立法,即使个别采亲子鉴定推定立法例的国家,司法中对之的适用也非常谨慎。应对亲子确认诉讼中,当事人一方拒绝配合协助鉴定的情况,可以坚持直接强制为原则,并辅之鉴定材料的替代获取。     

SNPs in paternity investigation: The simple future

Based on the 52 SNP-plex developed by the SNPforID Consortium, we designed two 10-plex to study single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for human identification and to establish its usefulness in paternity casework. This 20 autosomal SNP set was studied in 56 paternity investigation cases from South Portuguese resident population, also analyzed with 17 Short Tandem Repeats (STRs). Results obtained with both methodologies were consistent with each other, except for one case where the alleged father could not be excluded by SNPs. No mutation was found in the SNP loci, whereas a mismatch in STRs was detected. The use of SNPs as a complement to the analysis of autosomal STRs in paternity casework can result in paternity index and paternity probability values equivalent or higher than those obtained with more STR loci, but with lower costs. This study shows that instead of using additional STR loci, the analysis of 20 autosomal SNPs, as a complement technique to standard methodologies, is an appealing alternative in paternity investigation cases.     

PowerPlex~(TM) 16体系在亲子鉴定中的应用评估

目的 评估PowerPlexTM16体系在亲子鉴定中的检验能力。方法 以633例亲子鉴定案例为基础,调查PowerPlexTM16体系15个STR基因座的群体遗传学数据资料,并对该体系在亲子鉴定中的排除能力及遗传稳定性进行评估。结果 879名无关个体共检出197个等位基因,739种基因型,累计个体识别力为1×10-30,累计非父排除率为0.999999999999987。633例亲子鉴定案件中有95例确定为排除亲权,平均排除指标为6个。18例表现出1个STR基因座突变的现象,1例表现出2个STR基因座突变的现象。结论 PowerPlexTM16体系应用于亲子鉴定是高效、可靠的。