利用绯颜裸金蝇(双翅目,丽蝇科)在中国西南地区进行死亡时间推断1例（英文）

在人类尸体上发现的昆虫样本可为最短死亡时间(minimum postmortem interval,PMImin)推断提供重要信息。在中国重庆某废弃工厂里发现了一具女性尸体,经现场勘验和尸体检验确认为他杀死亡。由于死者不同部位的腐败程度不一致,难以确定死亡时间。通过形态学观察和线粒体DNA测序分析,确定尸体上的昆虫样本为绯颜裸金蝇。根据该种属的发育速度资料,尸体的PMImin推断为452 h。死亡时间的准确推断为案件侦查和犯罪嫌疑人起诉提供了重要的昆虫学证据,证实了在该区域特定种属的昆虫学证据对准确死亡时间的推断具有较高的实用价值,尤其适合晚期腐败尸体的PMI推断。     

利用尸食性蚤蝇推断死亡时间的法医学研究进展

死亡时间的准确推断一直是法医学的难题。昆虫学方法已被认为是死亡时间推断的有效方法。尸食性蝇类发育生物学在死亡时间推断中有着重要地位。蚤蝇体形微小,在相对密闭的空间,可成为尸体上主要的甚至是唯一的昆虫证据。本文从尸食性蚤蝇的作用、种属鉴定以及日龄推断方面,综述了利用尸食性蚤蝇推断死亡时间的法医学研究进展。     

根据超生反应推断死亡时间的研究概况

死亡时间推断是指通过一定的手段推测尸体从检查时距死亡时刻的间隔时间（postmortem interval）,是法医实际工作中首先要解决的重要任务之一.准确推断死亡时间,在很大程度上能为刑事案件的侦破提供重要的线索,划定侦查范围,确定犯罪嫌疑人有无作案时间乃至确定案件性质和阐明作案过程均有重要意义.     

深圳地区夏季室内外猪尸体上嗜尸性昆虫的群落演替

目的：根据深圳地区夏季室内外猪尸体上主要嗜尸性昆虫的生长发育和群落演替规律来推断死亡时间（PMI）。方法从2013年5月初到8月初,在深圳市公安局法医检验中心模拟的室内、外场地分别放置成年猪尸体两头,观察尸体腐败的过程和猪尸体上出现主要昆虫的种类,记录猪尸体腐败各阶段的历期,以及主要昆虫在尸体上的群落演替。结果室内、外的猪尸体分别经历了412.5 h和325 h进入白骨化阶段。主要的嗜尸性昆虫,蝇类以大头金蝇、绯颜裸金蝇、星岛金蝇,甲虫类以大隐翅甲、赤颈郭公甲、丽腐阎甲、白腹皮蠹为优势代表性种类。室外猪尸体在较多雨水的影响下,优势蝇群明显产生二代,室内的猪尸体上未见较大规模二代产生。结论深圳地区夏季室内外猪尸体上主要昆虫的群落演替有规律性,7种代表性昆虫及其幼虫整体的活动规律对推断PMI有较大的意义。     

西藏自治区中南部地区嗜尸性蝇类种类组成及分布

死亡时间(postmortem interval,PMI)推断一直是涉及人员死亡的刑事案件现场勘验中法医调查的重点和难点[1]。嗜尸性蝇类证据的应用是解决死亡时间推断特别是腐败尸体死亡时间推断的有效手段之一,但前提是要立足案发当地常见嗜尸性蝇类的种类及分布特点,并据此建立具体种类的发育史数据库。     

石家庄地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律

目的研究石家庄地区常见嗜尸性昆虫种类及其群落演替。方法观察法研究2007—2009年夏秋季放置在同一地点的9只家兔尸体上常见嗜尸性昆虫的种群演替。结果该地区家兔尸体上出现常见双翅目3科4属9种,主要有蝇科的家蝇、厩腐蝇、开普黑蝇、厚环黑蝇;丽蝇科的丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇,麻蝇科的棕尾别麻蝇、肥须亚麻蝇、黑尾黑麻蝇。鞘翅目5科11种,主要有埋葬甲科的大黑葬甲、Silpha carinata（Herbst）、大负葬甲、Ptomascopus morio（Kraatz）、双色葬甲;蜣螂科的金龟子;步甲科的毛婪步甲和蠋步甲;拟步甲科的细土潜;隐翅甲科的大黑隐翅虫、小隐翅虫。膜翅目2科2种,蚁科的路舍蚁;胡蜂科的墨胸胡蜂。结论该地区嗜尸性蝇类群落演替明显,嗜尸性昆虫有地域特征。研究结果可作为石家庄地区对尸体进行死亡时间推断的依据。     

呼和浩特地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性蝇类的研究

目的研究呼和浩特地区常见嗜尸性苍蝇种类及其出现规律。方法观察法研究7～10月份兔尸上嗜尸性苍蝇种类变化。结果该地区兔尸上出现的双翅目嗜尸性苍蝇3科8属10种,主要有蝇科的家蝇、舍蝇、开普黑蝇、刺足齿股蝇、厩腐蝇;丽蝇科的丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇、铜绿蝇;麻蝇科的棕尾别麻蝇、肥须亚麻蝇。上述蝇类在尸体上出现时间及部位表现出很强的规律性。结论研究结果有望成为法医在呼和浩特地区对尸体进行死亡时间推断的依据。     

应用嗜尸性昆虫推断死亡时间11例

目的检验嗜尸性昆虫推断死亡时间的可行性及准确度,为鉴定实践提供参考。方法筛选11例已破案证实且昆虫学证据比较完整的案件,对案件中出现的昆虫种类、推断结果及真实结果进行统计和对比分析。结果案发现场所发现的昆虫包括大头金蝇、绯颜裸金蝇、乌足锡蝇、丝光绿蝇、厚环黑蝇、厩腐蝇、麻蝇(未鉴定具体种类)、蛆症异蚤蝇、黑水虻、丽腐阎甲、大隐翅甲、白腹皮蠹和赤颈郭公甲共13种。11例案件死亡时间均落在推断的时间范围内,其中72.73%的案件推断结果及真实结果在同一天。结论嗜尸性昆虫可以简单方便地推断死亡时间,死亡时间在蝇类或甲虫发育一代时间内的案件,推断结果比较准确,超过此范围,准确度降低。     

杀人分尸案的抛尸时间推断

尸体死亡时间的推断是法医现场勘查后首先需要解决的问题,早期死亡时间的推断主要依靠尸温的变化、尸体现象的变化等,晚期死亡时间的推断目前主要依靠法医昆虫学的知识来推断。笔者曾参与1起杀人分尸案的检验工作,在检验中充分利用蝇类的生长发育规律,进行合理分析,较准确地确定了死亡时间,为案件的侦破提供了非常有价值的线索。现将相关情况报道如下。     

北京地区法医昆虫学研究──Ⅱ.尸体分解过程中的昆虫种类演替与死亡时间推断

在调查北京地区嗜尸性昆虫物种谱系的基础上，进一步研究了在尸体分解过程中，昆虫种类的演替特点及其对死亡时间推断的价值。嗜尸性昆虫侵食尸体的过程可分为侵入期、分解期和残余期：侵入期以双翅目蝇类为主，时间推断以幼蛆的发育程度为依据；分解期出现大量鞘翅目种类，时间推断以甲虫的各类组成、数量以及演替特征为主要依据；残余期昆虫数量极少。季节及温度、环境条件、尸体是否受伤或裸露，是影响昆虫侵食尸体时序的三个重要因素。正常的春季，侵入期为8至25天，分解期为约42天。     

Estimating the pre-appearance interval from temperature in Necrodes littoralis L. (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

While estimating post-mortem interval from entomological evidence it is useful to divide it into two separate intervals: the pre-appearance interval (PAI) and the development interval in the case of immature insects and PAI and the presence interval in the case of adult insects. An accurate estimate of PAI is critically important particularly in the case of those insects which appear on remains late in decomposition. In this paper the possibilities of PAI estimation from temperature are evaluated in late-arriving, forensically important carrion beetle Necrodes littoralis. The relationship between PAI of adult and larval N. littoralis and temperature was modelled by using results of succession experiments in forests of Central Europe. In both stages PAI was found to be strongly, inversely dependent on mean daily ground level temperatures averaged for the duration of PAI. Several methods of PAI estimation were proposed and their accuracy was initially evaluated with external successional data.     

新乡地区夏季常见嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律初步研究

目的研究新乡地区夏季嗜尸性昆虫的种类及其群落演替规律。方法观察法研究新乡医学院动物房后偏僻草地上6只大白鼠和5只家兔尸体腐败过程中嗜尸性蝇类的主要物种及其群落演替规律。结果该地区主要出现嗜尸性蝇类为双翅目3科7种,包括家蝇、大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇、棕尾别麻蝇、黑尾黑麻蝇、厩腐蝇、元厕蝇,且呈现出演替规律性。结论研究结果可作为新乡地区对尸体死亡时间的推断依据。     

Use of Lucilia species for forensic investigations in Southern Europe

The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of evaluating entomological evidence in forensic investigations on a regional scale. To evaluate climatic, geographical and environmental influences on the selection of carrion-breeding fauna in Northern Italy and consequently on inferred forensic data (post-mortem intervals and post-mortem transfer), we present details of six indoor-outdoor cases. Results show that the most abundant species was Lucilia sericata, together with other fly species of entomo-forensic interest, belonging to the Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae families. In particular, for the first time in Italy, we report finding Phormia regina, Lucilia ampullacea, Lucilia caesar and Sarcophaga (Pandelleana) protuberans on fresh cadavers. The active period of L. sericata in Northern Italy, according to previous findings in Southern Europe, revealing clearcut differences with phenologies in Northern Europe, has important consequences in estimating the period (season, months) of death in cases of long post-mortem intervals (several months or years) if empty puparia of this fly are found. According to our results, the distribution of L. sericata in areas with urban sprawl, like Northern Italian regions, cannot be used to evaluate post-mortem transfer from an urban area to a rural one.     

成都市嗜尸昆虫种类季节变化研究

目的 研究成都市嗜尸昆虫种类及其与季节变化的关系。方法 经过两年重复试验,观察3～11月兔尸上嗜尸昆虫种类变化。结果 发现3～11月兔尸上出现的嗜尸昆虫种类主要有舍蝇、丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇、赭尾麻蝇、巨阿尾丽蝇。其中,巨阿尾丽蝇见于3、4月,舍蝇出现于4月中旬至10月初,而大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇、赭尾麻蝇则自3月至10月中下旬均可见到,10月底以后则见不到任何嗜尸苍蝇。幼虫的出现晚于成虫1～4天不等,与季节及环境有关。结论 通过舍蝇、丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇、赭尾麻绳、巨阿尾丽蝇的生命周期的研究,有望为成都市法医学实践中死亡时间的推断提供依据。     

Practice of forensic entomology. Part 1: Insect collection at the site of discovery of the corpse

The life cycle of a fly illustrates that the late immature stages of necrophagous insects frequently leave the body, and are therefore not found on the corpse itself. Taking into account these stages (i.e. pupae) while investigating a death scene is very important. Two case histories demonstrate the effects of not taking that fact into consideration when determining the post-mortem interval. Since there is no standardized method in Germany for collecting insects at a death scene, an entomological collection kit with a short instruction is introduced.     

Effects of cocaine and heroin,and their combination,on the development rate of Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Insects present on or near decomposing bodies are collected by forensic entomologists and used to estimate the post-mortem interval. Drugs metabolized by a person before death may affect the rate of development of insects feeding on the corpse. This study aimed to determine the effects of cocaine and heroin main metabolites on the development rate of the Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and their implications on minimum post-mortem interval determination. Groups of 250 eggs each were placed into four separate pots of 150 g of minced pork meat being either un-spiked, or spiked with benzoylecgonine, morphine, or a combination of both. Larval length (mm) and weight (mg) measurements were taken twice daily and the rate of development of the insects’ life cycle was monitored until eclosion. Results show that cocaine-fed larvae developed less in length and weight than the control group. Heroin-fed larvae showed a more fluctuating pattern, being smaller and lighter than the control group for most of their larval cycle, but overtaking them in both parameters towards pupation. Combination-fed larvae seemed to favour the effects of cocaine. The three conditions also had a significant impact on the length of the insects’ life cycle. Cocaine and drug combination treatments increased the length of the second and third instar stages, but led to the shortening of pupation and accelerated eclosion. Conversely, heroin treatment led to lengthier pupation. Interestingly, the effects of the drug combination seemed to mirror more precisely those of cocaine.These findings indicate that both cocaine and heroin, singularly and in combination, have sizable effects on blowflies’ development rates, potentially biasing post-mortem interval estimations.     

The application of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II gene for the identification of forensically important blowflies in Western China

Blowflies found on human corpses are important for the estimation of the postmortem interval and other questions of forensic relevance. Some of these species are difficult to differentiate morphologically, and therefore a molecular method was elaborated for species identification. Here, we describe a molecular method for rapid identification of these insects. Specific insect DNA fragments were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, followed by direct DNA sequencing of the amplification products. Analysis of the cytochrome oxidase II sequences revealed abundant phylogenetically informative nucleotide substitutions that could identify blowfly species to species group. In contrast, because of the low level of sequence divergence of sister species, the data could not distinguish among taxa from the same species group, ie, the species within the Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina groups. The molecular data support the existing species group separation of the taxa within the Calliphora. Because of the speed and accuracy of current nucleotide sequencing technology and the abundant apomorphic substitutions available from mtDNA sequences, this approach enables quick identification of species used for estimation of postmortem interval.     

Partial sequencing of the cytochrome oxydase b subunit gene I: a tool for the identification of European species of blow flies for postmortem interval estimation

The identification of insects found on a dead body can lead to the estimation of the time of death (postmortem interval). We report an updated version of an established method based on sequence analysis of PCR products from a region of the cytochrome b oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene of different members of the family Calliphoridae, by sequencing six European species: Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Lucilia caesar (Linné), Lucilia illustris (Meigen), Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvody), Calliphora vomitoria (Linné), Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvody) and one Guianese species: Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius). This technique provided clear results when applied to the larvae and we also report the identification of empty puparia.     

The use of Megaselia abdita (Diptera: Phoridae) in forensic entomology

This case study demonstrates the importance of the Phorid, Megaselia abdita (Schmitz), as an indicator for post-mortem interval estimation in criminal investigations involving forensic entomology where it is usually the more frequently occurring Calliphorids that are most useful. A case example is discussed where the temperatures were low for the period of time the deceased was missing.