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1.
Presidential candidates regularly use crime issues to help win electoral support. Contrary to conventional wisdom, crime control
became an issue in the 2008 presidential campaign. Despite decreasing crime rates and public opinion focused only temporarily
on illegal immigration, the three major presidential candidates (Obama, Clinton, & McCain) discussed many anticrime initiatives
during the campaign. Unlike past research which has found presidential candidates use primarily symbolic rhetoric in their
anticrime rhetoric, all three presidential candidates in the 2008 presidential election were found to have employed tangible
statements. The article discusses the different findings, making recommendations for future research. 相似文献
2.
There is limited research on the gendered impacts of drug policies in Canada, despite the fact that women, Indigenous women in particular, are the country’s fastest growing prisoner population, with many incarcerated for drug-related crimes. This article highlights the results of a larger qualitative study with former prisoners in Ontario and community and medical experts from across the country. Focusing on the women research participants, we consider the lack of adequate and culturally-relevant substance use and harm reduction programming in federal prisons, and suggest a reformulation of Canada’s punitive drug policies toward a health and social welfare approach. 相似文献
3.
This experiment drew upon theoretical perspectives on group and system justification to examine whether exposure to media
coverage arguing that racism was responsible for the ineffective Hurricane Katrina disaster response affected White and Black
Americans’ intergroup attitudes. Consistent with a system justification perspective, Whites exposed to video clips arguing
that the hurricane Katrina disaster response was due to racism displayed greater racial ingroup attachment and ingroup love
compared to Whites exposed to videos conveying that the government’s incompetence was to blame for the disaster response.
In contrast, Blacks displayed strong levels of ingroup attachment and ingroup love across both video conditions. This research
highlights how insights from social psychology are valuable in understanding psychological responses to social justice-related
events, such as the tragic response to hurricane Katrina.
相似文献
Cheryl R. KaiserEmail: |
4.
David Indermaur 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2009,15(1-2):181-199
This paper examines the question of what can we do, at a practical level, to respond to penal populism. It is argued that a comprehensive understanding of the nature of penal populism provides the best base for considering a range of responses across the full spectrum of precipitating factors. The paper begins with a sketch of the main understanding of penal populism articulated in earlier works, principally Roberts et al. (2003), then the putative causes of penal populism are expanded considering the contributions of precipitating factors at six levels. A number of suggestions and strategies at each of the six levels is then provided. Rather than being competing these strategies at different levels are seen as complementary although some will be more realizable than others. The paper finishes with a focus on the topic of public inclusion into the development of policy. A democratization of policy, it is argued, is crucial and, ultimately, the most profound way of addressing the challenge of penal populism. 相似文献
5.
Once a Criminal, Always a Criminal?: ‘Redeemability’ and the Psychology of Punitive Public Attitudes
Several studies have sought to link punitive public attitudes to attribution style and/or lay theories of crime. This research finds that those who believe criminal acts are the result of freely chosen and willful behavior are more likely to be punitive than those who feel crime is the result of external circumstances and constraints. These analyses focus on only one dimension of attributions: locus of control (internal/external). In this analysis, we include a second dimension, thought to be a better predictor of attitudes in social psychological research: stability/instability. In addition to measuring lay theories of crime causation, we also test for “belief in redeemability” (or beliefs about the ability of deviants to change their ways). Our hypothesis is that this other dimension of personal attributions (stability/instability) may be as critical in explaining support for highly punitive criminal justice policies as beliefs about criminal responsibility. We find evidence supportive of this model in an analysis of data from postal survey of residents of six areas in England. 相似文献
6.
While there is a growing trend to look at criminal justice issues from an international perspective, there has been little literature examining differences in views of crime, criminals, punishment, and treatment between the citizens of the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America. Using data from 524 students at a large university in China and 484 students from a large public university in the USA this study found that, while US respondents were more likely to agree that crime was high in their country, Chinese respondents were more likely to feel that crime was the most serious social problem facing their society. Chinese respondents were more supportive of the death penalty for serious crimes but also were more supportive of rehabilitation of offenders in general. In addition, the study found similarities between students from the two countries in their views. The reasons behind the differences and similarities were explored.
相似文献
Shanhe JiangEmail: Phone: +1-419-5304329 |
7.
In an ideal world, there would be a seamless relationship between interventions that focus on risk factors causally associated
with sexual reoffending and the subsequent release of, and ongoing support for, offenders into the community. However, emotionally
fueled and uninformed public responses to news of released sex offenders, and the legislation such responses have inspired,
severely hinder this process. Our aims in this paper are to review findings of research on community attitudes about sex offenders
within a desistance framework. More specifically, we provide a synthesis of the current research literature on attitudes towards
sex offenders. Second, we consider in more detail those studies that include community member samples. Third, we review interventions
aimed at promoting attitude change amongst professionals working with sex offenders and finally formulate some recommendations
for promoting positive attitude change amongst the general public. 相似文献
8.
Said Pournaghash-Tehrani 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(2):93-99
The purpose of the present article was to determine the ability of cognitive factors (beliefs and attitudes) and adverse childhood
experiences to predict men’s reactions towards their spouses’ violence. To do so, 120 males who had referred to family court
to seek divorce due to spouses’ violence were randomly selected and an author’s -made questionnaire containing 27 subscales
was administered to them. Four of the 27 subscales comprised of 22 questions regarding “types of reactions towards spouses’
violence”, “attitudes towards spouse”, and “experiencing family violence during childhood”. Our results showed that witnessing
violence during childhood could positively predict reactions such as “cessation of relationship” and “reprisal”. Men’s beliefs
regarding “permission to use violence” could positively predict reaction such as “cessation of relationship”. Furthermore,
factors such as “Believing his wife is more knowledgeable” and “Wife’s Physical Appearance” negatively predicted reactions
such as “Cessation of relationship” and “Tolerance”. Also “Man’s perceived career success” positively predicted the reaction
of “Attempts to Resume Relationship”. These results are discussed in the context of the existing literature. 相似文献
9.
Eveline De Wree Brice De Ruyver Karen Verpoest Charlotte Colman 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2008,14(4):431-440
Different judicial alternative sanctions and measures exist on the three levels of the criminal justice system. These alternative
sanctions and measures can be applied to a specific target group, namely drug users. The current study is a qualitative assessment
of the application and execution of alternative measures and sanctions for drug users, based on semi-structured face-to-face
interviews in which stakeholders (magistrates, judicial assistants and social workers) and drug users were asked for their
attitudes towards these sanctions and the factors that influence them in their convictions and beliefs. In conclusion we can
state that the interviews have increased the insight in the attitudes of decision makers, social assistants, judicial assistants
and drug users towards alternative sanctioning. From the interviews we learn that there are strong similarities between the
three profiles, which provide for a strong basis for the continued functioning of alternative sanctioning.
相似文献
Brice De RuyverEmail: |
10.
The Scary World of Online News? Internet News Exposure and Public Attitudes Toward Crime and Justice
Sean Patrick Roche Justin T. Pickett Marc Gertz 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2016,32(2):215-236
Objectives
A substantial body of literature indicates that certain forms of media consumption may increase anxiety about crime and support for social controls. However, few studies have examined whether Internet news consumption is positively associated with such attitudes. The void is significant given the public’s increasing use of online news sources. This study addresses this research gap.Methods
We draw on data from four national surveys conducted between 2007 and 2013, which collectively include interviews with more than 13,000 Americans. Using OLS and logistic regression, we assess the relationships between exposure to traditional and online media and perceptions of victimization risk, support for punitive crime policies, and views about police powers.Results
Consistent with prior work, we find positive relationships between exposure to traditional forms of media—television news and crime programming—and anxiety about victimization and support for harsh crime policies. In contrast, Internet news exposure is generally not associated with anxieties about crime or support for getting tough on criminals. However, there is evidence of an interactive relationship between political ideology and Internet news exposure.Conclusions
The results provide little support for cultivation theory in the context of Internet news consumption. We discuss the import of our findings, and suggest new lines of research to explore the correlates and the effects of exposure to online news sources.11.
In the UK and USA ‘Hate crime’ has become a topic of public controversy and social mobilization around issues of violence
and harassment. This has largely but not exclusively addressed racism, homophobia and gender based violence. This article
has three objectives. First, to situate hate crime legislation within a broad theory of modernity;secondly to examine the
politics of its emergence as a public issue; thirdly to use data from the authors' recent research in Greater Manchester to
illuminate the complexity of the concept of ‘hate crime’. The centrality of ‘hate crime’ to current debates derives from the
importance of rights-based regulation of complex societies and the juridical management of emotional life. Hatred and violence
have become problematic behaviour thrown into relief by a long term civilizing process. Hate crimes have thus acquired powerful
rhetorical focus for mobilization of victim and identity politics. With reference to racist violence in Oldham and elsewhere
in Greater Manchester, we argue that in its application and construction, however, ‘hate crime’ is a complex phenomenon that
might dramatize rather than regulate the problems it seeks to address.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
We examined how ethnic discrimination targeting ethnic minority group members would affect majority group members’ attitudes and multiculturalism towards ethnic minority groups in the context of Turkish–Kurdish interethnic conflict. Study 1 (N = 356) demonstrated that the extent to which majorities (Turkish) believed there was ethnic discrimination towards minorities (Kurdish) in the Turkish society was associated with positive outgroup attitudes and support for multiculturalism through decreased levels of perceived threat from the outgroup. Study 2 (N = 82) showed that Turkish participants who read bogus news reports about the prevalence of ethnic discrimination towards the Kurdish were more positive towards this ethnic group (higher levels of support for multiculturalism, culture maintenance, and intergroup contact) compared to participants in the neutral condition. Furthermore, participants who were presented with lower levels of discrimination (few companies have been discriminatory against the Kurdish) were more positive towards Kurdish people than participants who were presented with higher levels of discrimination (most companies have been discriminatory against the Kurdish). Regardless of the intensity of discrimination, information about the prevalence of ethnic discrimination improved majority members’ attitudes towards ethnic minority groups. Practical and theoretical implications of the studies were discussed. 相似文献
13.
Joanne Belknap 《Asian Journal of Criminology》2016,11(4):249-264
Inspired by Professor Jianhong Liu’s article entitled “Asian Criminology—Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions,” published in 2009 in the Asian Journal of Criminology, I attempt to document the expansion of Asian criminology in terms of the numbers of journal articles published, but also to encapsulate some of the unique contributions of original articles published in the Asian Journal of Criminology. To document the expansion of Asian criminology in terms of journal articles, I used the academic search engine, the ISI Web of Science, to identify criminology articles across a variety of Asian countries and time. This led to distinguishing between more traditional criminology and crime control (TCCC) articles and articles focusing on violence against women/children and on trafficking (VAWCT). Second, because it is not yet part of the ISI Web of Science, I read all of the original articles in the Asian Journal of Criminology to account for how Asian criminology is advancing the larger discipline of criminology. The ISI Web of Science data document the rapid expansion of Asian criminology. Some of the specific Asian Journal of Criminology articles are used to exemplify specific examples of how Asian criminology is advancing the field of criminology worldwide through theoretical, methodological and framing designs, and crime control practices. 相似文献
14.
15.
Notwithstanding the results of some empirical studies, casinos and gambling are widely considered to be breeding grounds for a range of deviant behavior and criminal offenses. As one writer expressed it, “the world of gambling offers a portfolio of anonymous expenditure” which allows for money laundering and other illegal activities associated with the legal operation of casinos. This paper examines economic and white-collar criminal activities and case histories of offenses related to Macau’s growing casino industry, now the highest revenue generating in the world. A Portuguese colony from 1557 until 1999 when it was returned to China, Macau is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) with its own governing officials operating under the PRC maxim of “one country, two systems.” The dramatic recent growth of the casino industry in Macau offers a unique opportunity to examine issues of economic crime and law enforcement within the context of the People’s Republic of China’s recently acquired political and economic stewardship in this SAR. The paper documents white-collar and organized crimes that present new challenges and risks to China now that Macau has become an international marquee. 相似文献
16.
Preeti Nijhar 《Liverpool Law Review》2009,30(3):189-205
For all of law’s emphasis on its originary claims, this article argues that modern law has always been heavily dependent on
categories and a set of images and metaphors for constituting identities. The presence of a racialised Other in the written,
verbal and visual form all reveal striking parallels in the metaphorical forms used in the categorisation of people in temporality.
In essence, law’s commitment to principles of universality and equality, is practically sustained only by the reinvented and
rationalized exclusions of racial particularity, and hierarchies of otherness, which are variously exotic, dangerous and irredeemable.
What is clear from this binary division is that the processes of criminalizing the unruly heathens, the wayward savages and
the lower strata in the early nineteenth century, was part of a process of knowledge production which drew heavily upon key
images of morality and of pathology. Such a stratum, as in the parallel process in the colonies amongst the criminal savages,
was anxiously understood through a proliferation of stereotypes and labels imbued with this threatening menace. This article
further explores how this imagery was policed and disciplined, and also opens up the possibility to assess how these images
impart the same mythic forces in the ongoing acts of violence and specters of postcolonial imperialism that persist in its
new global forms. This article aims, to reveal that legal forms and identities, far from being stable in their construction,
are inherently unstable, and remain forever in an ambivalent relationship to the things being constructed and those engaged
in the construction. 相似文献
17.
Guido Giacomo Preparata 《Critical Criminology》2013,21(1):73-86
This essay tackles the relationship between morality and crime by way of the debate surrounding Travis Hirschi’s double contribution to so-called “control theory,” first as “social bonding theory,” and subsequently as a “general theory” of crime. The assessment conducted herein construes the first version of “control” as an expression of patriotism, and its late formulation, on account of its emphasis on varying individual levels of self-mastery, as an implicit reaffirmation of the inevitability of class division. Over the years, the fixation with “self-control” has become a rubric for the suburban anxieties of an upper-middle class surrounded by expanding (ghetto) poverty and plagued by familial dysfunction and the alienation of its own offspring. In the final analysis, these reflections form the basis for a general reformulation, inspired by the sociology of Thorstein Veblen, of the relationship between class and crime and condign punishment by leveraging the notion of ethos (a common mindset peculiar to each class), and proving thereby that crime is systematically determined by this very mindset, which is the spiritual complement to class formation, rather than by the conventionally classless categories of rational self-interest or idiosyncratic proneness to violence. 相似文献
18.
Ekow N. Yankah 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2012,6(2):255-272
There is no question Arthur Ripstein’s Force and Freedom is an engaging and powerful book which will inform legal philosophy,
particularly Kantian theories, for years to come. The text explores with care Kant’s legal and political philosophy, distinguishing
it from his better known moral theory. Nor is Ripstein’s book simply a recounting of Kant’s legal and political theory. Ripstein
develops Kant’s views in his own unique vision illustrating fresh ways of viewing the entire Kantian project. But the same
strength and coherence which ties the book to Kant’s important values of independence blinds the work to our shared moral
ties grounded in other political values. Ripstein’s thoughts on punishment are novel in that he embeds criminal law, both
in its retributivist and consequentialist facets, into Kant’s overarching political philosophy to show how criminal law can
be seen as one aspect of the supremacy of public law. But a criminal law solely focused on the preservation of freedom takes
little notice of the ways criminal law need expand its view to account for how a polity can restore the victim of a crime
back to civic equality, reincorporate offenders after they have been punished and cannot leave past offenders isolated and
likely to reoffend, resulting in the rotating door prison system and communities of innocents who remain preyed upon by career
criminals. Lastly, a political theory that does not prize our civic bonds will ignore the startling balkanization of our criminal
punishment practices, where policing, arresting and imprisonment become tools of racial and social oppression. In illustrating
the benefits in viewing criminal law as a coherent part of Kant’s political theory of freedom, Ripstein also highlights what
is absent. It then becomes clear that though Kant presents one important facet of punishment, only a republican political
theory can meet the most pressing moral demands of punishment by reminding us that criminal law must be used to preserve and
strengthen civic society. 相似文献
19.
Leana A. Bouffard Matt R. Nobles Amanda Goodson Kadee Brinser Maria Koeppel Miner P. Marchbanks Nandita Chaudhuri 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2017,42(3):589-609
Currently, there is an expansive body of victimization literature within the criminal justice field, which covers a number of essential topics such as victimization trends and patterns, short-and long-term effects of victimization, as well as specific effects of intimate partner violence and sexual assault victimization. Despite the variety of topics examined by empirical research, there is a noticeable lack of discourse pertaining to civil legal services for crime victims. This study is among the first to take a close look at civil legal services for victims by exploring three uncharted areas including: (a) service providers’ knowledge of civil legal services, (b) the legal needs of crime victims and available services, and (c) barriers between victims and accessing civil legal services. Using quantitative and qualitative data from interviews with service providers, policy implications and future research recommendations are discussed. 相似文献