辩证逻辑的三个定则

本文出自作者即将出版的著作《给中国一个大智慧》新加写的最后一章。文章提出哲学思维方法就是“辩证逻辑”。文章把辩证逻辑作为“逻辑学”的一部分加以阐述,指出:形式逻辑和辩证逻辑都存在判断“模糊”与“精确”,各自都有各自的精确判断范围。形式逻辑有矛盾律、拒中律和同一律三大思维定律,辩证逻辑则有对等律、对应律和居中律三大思维定律。举例显示辩证逻辑的发展前景可实现数字化。辩证逻辑要依赖形式逻辑的帮助使论证更彻底;形式逻辑要依赖辩证逻辑的突破使思维更活跃。形式逻辑因推理格式繁杂而使人严谨;辩证逻辑因推理格式简明而显得神奇。文章最后就形式逻辑和辩证逻辑相互间的理论地位提出了独特观点。     

为干部编写的一套“逻辑丛书”

为适应干部教学正规化需要,中央党校哲学教研室赵臣璧、刘建能等同志,针对当前各级干部的特点与文化知识水平,力求从实际出发,编写一套通俗易懂的“逻辑丛书”,以普及逻辑学的知识,推进逻辑学的研究和运用。目前已由中央党校出版社出版了《形式逻辑纲要》一书;《逻辑思维训练题解》一书也即将出版;《数理逻辑通俗读本》和《应用逻辑》正在编写中;此外,还计划编写《辩证逻辑专题研究》和《西方逻辑学发展史》等。     

评“局限性”——兼论形式逻辑与辩证逻辑的关系

几乎所有辩证逻辑著作,都要将辩证逻辑与形式逻辑进行比较;比较之后,都要论述形式逻辑的局限性,说形式逻辑只研究思维形式不研究思维内容,只研究相对静止的思维不研究绝对运动的思维,只研究知性思维不研究理性思维,要克服这些局限性,只有依靠辩证逻辑。这种说法貌似有理。其实,它是建立在对辩证逻辑与     

生命意义的逻辑——辩证法内涵逻辑的历史存在论考察

辩证逻辑区别于形式逻辑的关键在于辩证逻辑是有内容的内涵逻辑。黑格尔辩证法作为历史与逻辑相一致的思维方式,是对辩证法作为内涵逻辑的理论自觉。黑格尔改造辩证法的启示意义在于,真实把握作为内涵逻辑的辩证法和辩证法的逻辑内涵需要以存在论的历史观为参照,存在论的历史观对生命意义问题的关切是辩证法作为内涵逻辑的重要保证。生命意义问题既是关涉辩证法有无内涵和有何内涵的核心问题,也是透视辩证法理论旨趣的基本视角。     

形式逻辑与辩证逻辑的区别和联系

形式逻辑与辩证逻辑是同一序列的学科,但又是两种不同类型的逻辑科学,它们之间既有区别又有联系。其联系有以下几点。首先,在研究内容上有许多相似之处。作为思维科学,它们和其他自然科学社会科学相区别。它们都是研究思维及其规律的科学。在思维的形式上都把概念、判断、推理作为研究的对象;形式逻辑的     

法律逻辑的再思考——基于“论证逻辑”的研究视角

形式主义法学的历史困局误读剥离了法律与逻辑的天然联系,然而机械的演绎逻辑观忽视了法律的开放属性,法律逻辑需要一种动态和发展的逻辑观。"论证逻辑"是一种天然的法律逻辑,它善于理解并表达法律的理性特质,包括法律推理的可废止性、法律论证的论辩属性和法律对话的程序理性等。不同于基于后承关系的逻辑,"论证逻辑"实质上是一类关于非形式逻辑和形式论证理论的概括性统称。它的目的是为法律论证实践提供一种分析、比较和评估论证的综合方法,从而在证成司法证明和规范法律程序等方面发挥作用。     

法律可接受性的修辞表达——以逻辑视角为切入点

法律作为人类“定纷止争”的行动理由和理性实践应当具有可接受性,此种可接受性可部分通过其修辞属性即法律修辞的可接受性得到满足,这不仅是因为修辞学为法律提供了必不可少的推理和论证方法,更重要的是,修辞学为认识和理解法律提供了极为重要的理论资源和思维方式.[1]对法律修辞的可接受性可从逻辑、主体、语境等多个视角进行分析,其中逻辑视角的分析意义不容忽视,这不仅因为逻辑特别是非形式逻辑构成着法律修辞的理论基础,而且这种非形式逻辑在修辞论证的前提选择及论证形式构建上本身就服膺于法律的可接受理论.     

法律推理在现代司法中的转向

现代法学从应然与实然、语言与现实、规范与事实以及现代逻辑的发展和法学主张等几方面考察了建立在经典三段论基础上的法律推理的功能限度,司法实践中面临的问题并不在于将确定的法律适用于相应确定的事实,而是作为法律推理前提的法律和事实本身的相对不确定,即法律规定与相对的事实之间完全可能不存在确定的对应关系。法律推理依赖于实践理性而非纯粹理性,以此来克服制定法逻辑体系的僵硬。法律推理已经超越形式逻辑领域的固有意义,进入实践推理和价值判断范围,推理在法律领域与逻辑视角间产生了语义学与语用学的双重变化,必须在法律事实、法律规范、法律价值与逻辑赋值之间重新建构法律推理的框架。     

辩证逻辑与形式逻辑研究对象的比较分析

辩证逻辑与形式逻辑同属于“逻辑”科学,是人类思维实践的必然产物,是对人类思维材料的综合与概括。它们都是以人类思维的形式和规律为其研究对象,但研究的重点和方向却有所不同。在人类思维实践中,二者既有联系又有区别,各自承担着不同的任务。     

论基于逻辑观的法律推理之规定性与描述性

司法活动法律推理不仅表现为形式逻辑的推理,还存在着非形式逻辑的推理。形式逻辑法律推理反映了法律推理的规定性,意味着法律推理的过程不是随意,而是受一定逻辑形式的限定;非形式逻辑法律推理则反映了法律推理的描述性,突出推理过程的主体互动,以实现法律问题的合理解决。现代法律推理应将二者有机结合起来,在法律推理的规定性特征下,应强调法律推理的形式有效性;同时在法律推理的描述性特征下,应力求实现法律推理的切适性。     

Managing Money Online

正Internet financial products have enjoyed huge success,but will they change the landscape of China’s financial sector?Wang Kang,27,works for a Beijing branch of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China(ICBC),a major state-owned commercial bank in China and the largest bank     

International Reactions

正China Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi severely criticized Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s visit to the Yasukuni Shrine,calling it a brazen affront to people of all countries that suffered from Japanese aggression and colonial rule.     

PEOPLE

正"Reading books gives you access to the knowledge and culture of the people of different countries.The main problem facing China and Turkey in the field of literature is the lack of translated books."Chinese writer and Nobel laureate Mo Yan,calling for more translated literature works at a news briefing in Istanbul on February 22     

NUMBERS

正58 Number of approval items that the State Council canceled or delegated to lowerlevel governments to streamline administration on November 24 $2.3 blnvalue of agreements signed between businesses from Singapore and east China’s Zhejiang Province at the 10th SingaporeZhejiang Economic and Trade Council meeting held in Singapore on November 24 4% Decrease in business revenues in China’s telecom sector in October     

WORLD

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A White-Hot Battle

正Backing a price war between cab-booking apps serves the larger ambition of China’s Internet companies Han Yonghui is a cabbie in Beijing.After a taxi fare increase in 2013,he makes roughly 5,000 yuan($823)a month,just about enough to feed his family.Recently,Han started using cab-hailing mobile software to pick up customers who order taxis via smartphone.Benefiting from an increasingly fierce competition of rewards between two of the most popular apps for this purpose,he can receive up to 2,250 yuan($370)     

ThePolitical TricksofAbe

正Japan’s leader hopes to salvage his power by way of an early election Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe dissolved the House of Representatives,or the lower house in the country’s bicameral parliament,on November 21.A consequent snap election will be held on December 14,two years ahead of schedule.In recent months,the Japanese economy has continued to slide and entered a technical     

Mid-Term Misfortune

正Barack obama strives for a sound legacy Predictably,the U.S.Republican Party(GOP)took back the Senate after eight years in a landslide victory during the mid-term congressional election in November.While the GOP is still in control of the House of Representatives,it also gained ground in state governor elections in Illinois,Maryland,Iowa and Colorado—the traditional spheres of influence of the Democrats.     

Chinese Machinery Maker Explores overseas Market

正The 15th Russia International Show of Construction Equipment and Technologies(CTT)was held in Moscow from June 3 to 7.Liuzhou OvM Machinery Co.Ltd.attended the exhibition with its prestressed products."At the moment,infrastructure construction such as housing,elec-tric power and railway is continuing to expand in Russia,and given that the country’s import of machinery     

Doing Justice To the Past

正China has declared Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe an unwelcome visitor following his recent visit to the controversial Yasukuni Shrine.When asked whether Chinese leaders would listen to his explanations for the shrine visit in person,a Foreign Ministry spokesman ruled out the possibility by saying that Abe has"shut the door"on dialogue.China is not alone.The U.S.State Department also expressed disappointment at Abe’s visit