心理测试技术中题目结构及相关因素对模拟犯罪测试的影响与研究

目的考查题目结构及相关因素对心理测试(测谎)技术的影响。方法通过对总数达到216人的被测人进行模拟犯罪心理测试,以CQT和CIT的基本测试结构为核心,分别对4种题目结构的测试效果进行了分析评判。结果主要比较了题目结构对模拟犯罪测试的影响,同时对各种相关因素进行了分析讨论。结论测试需要一个比较优化的题目结构才能有效避免失误率的增加。     

Identification of fragmented bodies in large-scale accidents

Organizational aspects of the forensic medical expertise of fragmented corpses in cases of huge death-rolls are discussed. Algorithm of identification examinations; principle requirements applicable to expert's examinations in cases when the objects of examination are brought in within some time intervals; as well as peculiarities and methods of registration, of separate examinations and of classification of objects are under consideration.     

Specific list for categorization of laboratory test systems, assays and examinations by complexity--PHS. Notice with comment period

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, Public Law 100-578, requires that the Secretary provide for the categorization of specific laboratory test systems, assays and examinations by level of complexity. 42 CFR 493.17, published in the Federal Register on February 28, 1992 established criteria for such categorization. It is the Department's intention to complete the categorization of all currently available clinical laboratory test systems, assays and examinations prior to the effective date of 42 CFR 493 (September 1, 1992). This notice announces the second of a series of lists containing specific clinical laboratory test systems, assays and examinations, categorized by complexity. This notice also includes deletions and corrections to the list of test systems, assays and examinations published on February 28, 1992. Additional lists of test systems, assays and examinations as well as deletions and corrections will be published periodically. On or before September 1, 1992, a complete list of all laboratory test systems, assays and examinations, categorized by complexity, will be published in the form of a compilation of these Notices. Any clinical laboratory test system, assay or examination that is not on that final list will be considered high complexity, until categorized otherwise as provided under 42 CFR 493.17. After publication of the compilation, applications will be taken to categorize (or recategorize) other laboratory test systems, assays and examinations following the procedures delineated in 42 CFR 493.17(d). After September 1, 1992, notices will be published periodically in the Federal Register to announce any additional test system, assay or examination that has been categorized (or re-categorized) during the preceding interval.     

Forensic-medical assessment of the damage to sex organs unrelated to sexual crimes

The analysis was made of forensic medical examinations for assault (427 cases) and commission examinations made in the department of complex expert examinations for decision on the relation between pregnancy interruption and injury (46 cases). A documented posttraumatic stress reaction to assault damage to health is determined with consideration of duration of psychic rehabilitation. The author presents cases from her practice of direct and indirect damage to sexual organs observed in different situations and their effect on pregnancy interruption.     

Trial investigation of post-mortem non-invasive transnasal endoscopy

We performed a trial investigation of transnasal endoscopy for post-mortem examinations to assess its efficacy in superficial post-mortem examinations. Transnasal endoscopy proved capable of permitting detailed visual inspections of the respiratory and the upper gastrointestinal tract, equal to direct viewing, on an LCD digital display. In 18 (40.9%) of 44 cases, findings obtained by post-mortem transnasal endoscopy (PMTNE) provided valuable clues regarding cause of death. The cases examined included seven deaths by fire, four by hypothermia, four by asphyxia (three involving death by mechanical asphyxia, the other by choking), two by drowning and one case of lung cancer. In two cases, PMTNE also led to informative findings not directly related to the cause of death. Under Japan's current systems, we are required to diagnose the cause of death for over 80% of all the unnatural death cases based solely on superficial post-mortem examinations, in the absence of an autopsy. Introducing PMTNE to superficial post-mortem examinations will undoubtedly provide much more information on the cause of death than relying solely on superficial post-mortem examinations.     

论国家考试立法

中国是具有悠久考试历史和考试文化的考试大国。一直为社会关注焦点的国家级考试,是国家认定人才、选拔人才和评价人才的基本制度,是维护社会公正和促进社会有序运行的重要机制,承载着促进人才流动以及人力资源的开发与配置的功能。目前,考试管理和考试环境存在的诸多问题,折射出考试法制建设的严重滞后和考试法律的缺位。规范考试管理,实行依法治考,由全国人大制定考试基本法,维护考试的公平公正与安全有序,已成为社会发展的必然要求。     

An analysis of the usefulness of specific stages in the pathologic investigation of sudden infant death

Retrospective analysis of autopsy findings in 60 infants who had been found unexpectedly dead in their cribs or beds in South Australia from 1994 to 1998 was undertaken to determine the diagnostic usefulness of individual stages in the postmortem investigation. Positive findings occurred in 2 of 43 scene examinations (3%), 2 of 60 external examinations (3%), 2 of 11 radiologic examinations (18%), 8 of 60 internal examinations (13%), 7 of 60 histologic examinations (12%), and 3 of 58 microbiologic examinations (5%). No positive findings were detected on toxicologic screening. Not every case underwent each diagnostic step. This gave alternative diagnoses to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in 15 cases (25%). This study demonstrates an increase in the percentage of cases of unexpected infant death due to causes other than SIDS; it also shows the diagnostic yield of individual stages in the postmortem evaluation of such cases. Negative findings were important in giving validity to the diagnosis in the 45 cases that were ultimately designated as SIDS.     

Specific list for categorization of laboratory test systems, assays and examinations by complexity--PHS. Notice with comment period

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, Public Law 100-578, requires that the Secretary provide for the categorization of specific laboratory test systems, assays and examinations by level of complexity. 42 CFR 493.17, published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, establishes criteria for such categorization. It is the Department's intention to complete the categorization of all currently available clinical laboratory test systems, assays and examinations prior to the effective date of the amendments to 42 CFR Part 493 (September 1, 1992). This Notice announces the first of a series of lists containing specific clinical laboratory test systems, assays and examinations, categorized by complexity. Additional lists of test systems, assays and examinations will be published periodically. On or before September 1, 1992, a complete list of all laboratory test systems, assays and examinations, categorized by complexity, will be published in the form of a compilation of these Notices. Any clinical laboratory test system, assay or examination that is not on that final list will be considered high complexity, until categorized otherwise, as provided under 42 CFR 493.17. After publication of the compilation, applications will be taken to categorize (or recategorize) other laboratory test systems, assays and examinations following the procedures delineated in 42 CFR 493.17(d). Notices will be published periodically in the Federal Register to announce any additional test system, assay or examination that has been categorized (or re-categorize) during the preceding interval.     

Evaluation of Computed Tomography as a Screening Test for Death Inquest

Abstract: The Japanese method of inquest, which depends mostly on external examinations, may misdiagnose a considerable number of accidental deaths and suicides as death by disease. We conducted computed tomography (CT) scans of 80 cases for which police concluded death by disease or natural causes based on police investigations into the circumstances and results from external examinations. The cause of death was clearly determined by CT scan in 17 of 80 cases. Ten cases underwent autopsy after the police suspected criminality based on results of the CT examinations. The results suggest CT scan may be a tool for preventing a number of overlooked crimes and accidents in Japan. However, it cannot be a perfect tool for discerning between death by disease and other causes of death without cooperation from the investigative agencies and subsequent forensic examinations such as autopsy and toxicological tests.     

Specific list for categorization of laboratory test systems, assays and examinations by complexity--PHS. Notice with comment period

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, Public Law 100-578, requires that the Secretary provide for the categorization of specific laboratory test systems, assays and examinations by level of complexity. 42 CFR 493.17, published in the Federal Register on February 28, 1992 established criteria for such categorization. It is the Department's intention to complete the categorization of all currently available clinical laboratory test systems, assays and examinations prior to the effective date of 42 CFR 493 (September 1, 1992). This notice announces the third of a series of lists containing specific clinical laboratory test systems, assays and examinations, categorized by complexity. Additional lists of test systems, assays and examinations by complexity will be published periodically. A complete list of all laboratory test systems, assays and examinations, categorized by complexity, will be published in the form of a compilation of these Notices. Any clinical laboratory test system, assay or examination that is not on the compilation list will be considered high complexity, until categorized otherwise as provided under 42 CFR 493.17. After publication of the compilation list, categorization or recategorization of laboratory test systems, assays and examinations will follow the procedures delineated in 42 CFR 493.17(c). After the effective date of 42 CFR 493, notices will be published periodically in the Federal Register to announce any additional test system, assay or examination that has been categorized (or re-categorized) during the preceding interval.     

Specific list for categorization of laboratory test systems, assays and examinations by complexity--PHS. Notice with comment period

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, Public Law 100-578, requires that the Secretary provide for the categorization of specific laboratory test systems, assays and examinations by level of complexity. 42 CFR 493.17, published in the Federal Register on February 28, 1992, established criteria for such categorization. It is the Department's intention to complete the categorization of all currently available clinical laboratory test systems, assays and examinations prior to the effective date of 42 CFR part 493. This notice announces the fourth of a series of lists containing specific clinical laboratory test systems, assays and examinations, categorized by complexity. This notice also includes deletions and corrections to the list of test systems, assays and examinations published on February 28, 1992. After publication and close of comment period on the published partial lists, a complete list of all laboratory test systems, assays and examinations, categorized by complexity, and responses to public comments received on the partial lists will be published in the form of a compilation of these Notices. Any clinical laboratory test system, assay or examination that is not on the compilation will be considered high complexity, until categorized otherwise as provided under 42 CFR 493.17. After publication of the compilation, applications will be taken to categorize (or re-categorize) other laboratory test systems, assays and examinations following the procedures delineated in 42 CFR 493.17(d). After the effective date of 42 CFR part 493, notices will be published periodically in the Federal Register to announce any additional test system, assay or examination that has been categorized (or re-categorized) during the preceding interval.     

Investigation Delayed Is Justice Denied: Proposals for Expediting Forensic Examinations of Digital Evidence*

Abstract: There is an urgent need to reduce the growing backlog of forensic examinations in Digital Forensics Laboratories (DFLs). Currently, DFLs routinely create forensic duplicates and perform in‐depth forensic examinations of all submitted media. This approach is rapidly becoming untenable as more cases involve increasing quantities of digital evidence. A more efficient and effective three‐tiered strategy for performing forensic examinations will enable DFLs to produce useful results in a timely manner at different phases of an investigation, and will reduce unnecessary expenditure of resources on less serious matters. The three levels of forensic examination are described along with practical examples and suitable tools. Realizing that this is not simply a technical problem, we address the need to update training and establish thresholds in DFLs. Threshold considerations include the likelihood of missing exculpatory evidence and seriousness of the offense. We conclude with the implications of scaling forensic examinations to the investigation.     

Forensic medical examination in cases of sexual abuse

The article presents the analysis of forensic medical expert practice in the field of sexual abuse. Drawbacks in expert examinations, official decisions on such examinations, low expertise of forensic medical personnel in sexual crime, lack of tools for genital and anal examination are analysed and methods of correction of this situation are proposed.     

Competency to be a witness: a major child forensic issue

Competency of a child witness is a changing area of case law and forensic psychiatry practice. This article summarizes the basic legal and clinical aspects of determination of competency of the child witness to testify. Guidelines for such forensic examinations are detailed. Case examples are described that highlight major clinical issues in these examinations.     

Sudden infant death--focus subject of medico-legal research

The compilation of research activities concerning SID in the field of legal medicine could only choose those out of a great abundance of high-quality examinations which represent applied research. By this they have contributed either to the clarifying of the aetiology which has not been cleared up or to the prophylaxis. For this looking through in a widest sense the basic approach was to consider SID being the result of an intrinsic and/or extrinsic disturbance of the modulation of respiratory regulation of the infant. This namely means a metabolic disturbance of respiratory neurons. One must not share this opinion even if it is given a certain plausibility by newer physiological examinations. But this also means that some examinations did not receive the acknowledgement which they would have received if there had been an immunological approach. The compilation was completely done without a presentation of the primary crisis intervention and the long-term care as being a fundamental medico-legal approach. Altogether may be summarized that legal medicine has completely fulfilled its duty to take care of the problem SID and that the examinations did not remain without success.     

眼外伤鉴定中辅助检查结果的综合分析评判

眼外伤的司法鉴定主要依据视觉功能状况,即视敏度和视野检测结果。视敏度主要依赖行为视力检测,视野依赖电脑视野检查。上述检查的主观性比较强,目前还没有完全客观的方法。眼部超声、光学相干断层扫描、眼部放射影像学等技术有助于眼球结构的检查,其结果是相对客观的。根据眼球结构变化的情况可以帮助分析、推测视觉功能的损害程度。传统和多焦眼电生理技术等一些眼科辅助检查手段也有助于验证主观检查结果。若能在结合案情、伤情及病历资料的基础上,综合采用多种辅助检查方法,可提高对视觉功能损害情况判断的准确性,进而提高司法鉴定结论的科学性、客观性和准确性。     

Chest x-ray referral criteria panel draft report; availability--Food and Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announces the availability of a draft report. "Chest X-Ray Referral Criteria Panel Draft Report No. 1: Selected Screening Uses of the Chest X-Ray Examination" developed by a panel of physicians on the utility of selected chest x-ray screening examinations. This notice also describes FDA's planned procedures to facilitate the development and testing of referral criteria for medical radiological examinations.     

Examination of live victims of violent crimes at the Institutes of Legal Medicine of Hanover, Cologne and Leipzig

During the last few years the importance of clinical forensic medicine has increased within the field itself, but also in interdisciplinary cooperation. Although examinations of live victims play a substantial role in the every-day work of most German forensic scientists, the number of data published on their frequency and the type of offence for which they were performed is small. For this reason a comparison of the data from the Institutes of Legal Medicine in Hanover, Cologne and Leipzig was carried out. Most of the examinations performed by all the three institutes were ordered by courts, the prosecution or the police. Only in a few cases did private persons or hospitals ask for a forensic expert opinion on injuries. During the study period the total number of examined violence victims per annum increased noticeably from 252 in 1999 to 507 in 2003. The total number of examinations during the five-year study period amounted to 1181 in Hanover, 393 in Leipzig and 198 in Cologne, which all have a similar number of inhabitants in the respective catchment area of the institutes. Most of the examinations were carried out in victims of bodily harm, sexual assault and child abuse, but also in traffic offences, for age determination, in self-inflicted injuries and in suspects of homicide. On the one hand the remarkable rise of the number of physical examinations shows that the importance of forensic expert opinions is increasingly recognized. On the other hand the considerable regional differences demonstrate that the competence offered by the Institutes of Legal Medicine in the documentation and interpretation of violence is by far not yet sufficiently used.     

Importance of radiological diagnosis applied to necroscopy

The authors evaluate the consequences of incomplete necroscopic examinations wherein it was impossible to apply radiological resources to locate firearm projectiles. The study includes 8185 reports from the Instituto Médico-Legal Afranio Peixoto in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, representing the totality of corpses processed from January to December 2001; of these, 3122 were gunshot victims, 309 of which were buried with unremoved projectiles, being liable to future judicial reappraisal. During the same period, there were 23 exhumation requests by police authorities, 12 of them querying the existence of projectiles. The authors looked into the formal reasons assumed by the medico legal experts to conclude their reports from incomplete examinations, and suggest that gunshot necroscopic examinations should follow specific protocols, as incomplete autopsies will require further exhumations, at unnecessary additional costs.     

Establishing of chemical composition of printing ink

The subject of the examinations was primarily court tax marks of 50 and 200 PLN, which were suspected not to be genuine. Both inks on the questioned marks as well as comparative genuine marks and inks sent by the manufacturer were analyzed. No information about their chemical composition was available from manufacturer. In the examinations, infrared (IR), visible, X-ray fluorescence, and Raman spectrometry were used. The examinations showed that inks and glue on the marks of both values were the same as samples of those sent by the manufacturer. Discrepancies in some results were observed probably due to contamination, that is, an accidental presence of the foreign substance on the surface (e.g., sweat, saliva while sticking the marks to the surface or physical handling of the documents). It was concluded that there are original (genuine) court tax marks.