Crisis Navigation: Lessons from History for the Crisis Manager in Chief

As fundamental tests of presidential leadership and organizational capacity, crises can make or break an administration. This article presents a conceptual analysis of what makes any crisis situation challenging to deal with, and it develops a set of analytical steps that can help crisis managers diagnose particular crisis situations they might face. The proposed crisis navigation framework brings together case research studies and theories of organizational processes, so that those assuming responsibility for steering the government and society through crises—including the Obama administration—have a useful point of entry into the growing crisis management literature.     

危机、公共危机和公共危机管理

对于"危机"的概念,不同学者从不同侧面给出不同的定义.危机的分类主要有组德尔和安托可将危机界定为五类等诸种分法.与危机相关的概念有紧急事件、灾难、重大事故和风险等.对于从事公共组织危机研究的人员,他们表述的"危机"与"公共危机"的词意,在内涵和外延上没有本质的区别.像加拿大管理发展中心等组织和学者对其的定义比较典型.危机管理与公共危机管理可作为同一概念来对待,许多学者对其有自己的阐释.危机管理阶段论也有不同的分类,主要有:二阶段论、三阶段论、四阶段论和五阶段论.三阶段四步骤的危机管理过程可被作为公共危机管理研究的基本框架.     

公共危机管理中的政府公信力重塑

面对公共危机,政府在危机管理中的理念、行为和效率都会影响其公信力。在应对危机中,政府公信力的下降则可能出现:公众对政府的危机治理意愿和能力产生怀疑而极度恐慌,政府的危机管理缺失社会力量的参与,甚至使政府与民众关系紧张乃至冲突等后果。因此,政府在控制危机的过程中,需要在公共政策运作机制、干部人事管理体制、政府法制建设与管理创新、政府组织与运作、国际沟通与协调机制等方面积极创新, 提高其公信力,并且要确立公共服务型政府、以人为本政府、信息公开和透明政府、依法行政和法制政府、市场观念和有限政府、责任意识和高效政府等现代政府理念。     

The Catholic Church in Poland on Muslims and Islam

ABSTRACT

The politicization of the increased influx of migrants to Europe in recent years, as well as Islamist terrorist attacks carried out in European cities, have led to a situation in which anti-Muslim sentiments have reached unprecedented levels. It is not only those European countries directly affected by the growth of the Muslim population that register increased generalized negative feelings towards that population, but also those that are home to very small and partially autochthonous Muslim populations, like Poland, which has not served as a transit point or a destination for the increased number of people arriving from Syria and elsewhere to claim asylum in Europe. P?dziwiatr’s article explores the ambiguity of attitudes in the Polish Catholic Church towards Muslims and Islam in these new circumstances. It examines both the Church’s official statements and the opinions of students in Catholic seminaries, which diverge significantly. When the positions of some of these present and future priests are communicated to the public, they contribute to a strengthening of hegemonic representations of Muslims as Others, rather than a deconstruction of them.     

Lessons from Resource Dependence Theory for Contemporary Public and Nonprofit Management

The fiscal landscape continues to challenge public and nonprofit managers. Against this backdrop, public and nonprofit managers look for new strategies to address the challenges associated with limited resources. Resource dependence theory provides valuable guidance for managers who want to understand the considerations and consequences relevant to different types of interorganizational partnering. In this article, the theory's core ideas are described, along with three common strategies or tactics that organizations use to obtain critical resources from the environment: merging, forming alliances, and co‐opting. For each strategy, the authors derive a set of practical lessons for busy public and nonprofit managers.     

Religious Protection from Populist Violence: The Catholic Church and the Philippine Drug War

Populists often demonize outgroups while undermining institutions that protect citizens against the abuse of state power. Under these conditions, how can vulnerable communities protect themselves? We argue that actors coupling a normative commitment to human rights with the local organizational capacity to intervene can systematically reduce victimization. Focusing on the Philippine Catholic Church in the country's ongoing “drug war,” we identify five potential mechanisms producing protection. Directly, these actors can raise attention, offer sanctuary, or disrupt enforcement, while indirectly they can shrink vulnerable populations and build local solidarity. We evaluate this argument with a mixed-method research design. A new dataset of over 2,000 drug war killings throughout Metro Manila shows that neighborhoods with a Catholic parish experience approximately 30% fewer killings than those without. Original interviews with clergy and laity in these parishes support both direct and indirect mechanisms, with strongest evidence for attention raising and building community solidarity.     

公共危机的依法管理及其法制完善——危机状态下权力与权利的平衡

危机管理是政府的一项重要职能,政府在实行危机管理职能时必须遵循法治原则,在政府的行政紧急权力与公民的基本权利之间寻找一个平衡点,切实维护和保障社会公众的权利和利益,彰显“依法治国”的价值追求。针对中国目前危机管理现状,可以从限制政府权力、公民权利的法律救济及危机管理的法律完善等方面进行制度设计,以完善的危机法律制度平衡危机下政府权力与公民权利的紧张,从而保障公民权利。     

公共管理者的角色：挑战与创新

公共管理者是政府部门以及非政府部门中依法担任公职,行使公权力,并负有相应责任的公职人员。公共管理者的角色是社会期望与个体扮演能力的辩证统一。公共管理者应注重自身角色的塑造,不断创新,努力成为宪法的捍卫者与执行者、人民的信托者、技术专家、治理者、公共企业家、故障排除者、孜孜不倦的学习者和战略管理者。     

Public Service Motivation Research: Lessons for Practice

Public service motivation research has proliferated in parallel with concerns about how to improve the performance of public service personnel. However, scholarship does not always inform management and leadership. This article purposefully reviews public service motivation research since 2008 to determine the extent to which researchers have identified lessons for practice. The results of the investigation support several lessons—among them using public service motivation as a selection tool, facilitating public service motivation through cooperation in the workplace, conveying the significance of the job, and building leadership based on public service values. These results are important because they offer evidence that the field is coalescing around tactics that managers and leaders can use to address enduring concerns about employee motivation in the public sector. They also prompt us to articulate ideas that can guide a tighter integration of research and practice moving forward.     

公共危机管理中的府际协作：目标、驱动力与模式

人们习惯于将公共危机管理中的政府视为一个整体,但对危机管理中的府际协作问题却重视不够。政府职能、危机的扩散性和资源有限性要求各级政府必须以协作的方式应对危机,并树立维护安全、提高效益等共同目标。在府际协作达成中既有公共利益等正向驱动力因素,也有地方主义等负向驱动力因素,多种因素在同一场域下进行博弈从而产生主动协作型、命令协作型等协作模式。     

公共危机治理的社会组织参与耦合机制探微

在经济全球化、社会复杂化和自然环境不断恶化的时代背景下,公共危机治理已成为现代社会不可避免的重要社会行动。有效治理公共危机,不仅要依靠政府,还需要社会组织、企业和公民个人的有序参与。公共危机是对一个国家综合实力的检验,不仅考验政府的综合治理能力,也考验社会组织的快速反应能力。建立有效的全面动员机制,充分调动各种积极因素,能够将危机损失降低。社区和公众的公共危机意识和能力,一定程度上取决于民间团体与政府配合的好坏。社会组织应该成为连接政府与公众的桥梁,填补政府能力的真空地带。建立政府与社会组织的耦合机制,形成良好的协作互动机制,有效发挥社会组织参与公共治理的主体作用。     

突发公共卫生事件应急反应基础建设及其应急管理

我国正进入公共卫生危机高发期,加强公共卫生应急管理研究是当务之急。介绍了突发公共卫生事件应急反应系统建设研究中初步结果,包括突发事件主动监测、医疗物质储备、流行病学专家以及应急管理机制等。主动监测是早期发现和预警突发公共卫生事件的有效监测机制,包括医院病例监测、症状监测、药品和其他医用商品销售监测,中小学生缺课监测,动物死亡监测等。目前我国主动监测尚在研究中,储备是应急反应的必要基础,包括应急药品和物质储备、现场流行病学工作者和公共卫生实验室储备。应急反应系统组织结构和应急管理形式应在科学基础上,在法制保护下系统建立,并与国际接轨。此外,就公共卫生危机准备和处理提出了具体建议。     

我国公共危机管理中官员问责体系存在的问题分析

近年来,我国公共危机越来越呈现频发的态势.在公共危机管理中政府官员问责是重要的一环.公共危机管理的事前预防和事中应对都需要建立官员问责制,以有效预防和应对危机.目前我国,公共危机管理的官员问责体系在问责主体、问责客体、问责法规、责任认定以及对被问责官员的处理方面还存在若干问题,对此,需要进一步完善官员问责制,以规范而又严格的对官员责任的追究来有效地进行公共危机的管理.     

Inside Collaborative Networks: Ten Lessons for Public Managers

This paper offers practical insights for public managers as they work within interorganizational networks. It is based on the author's empirical study of 14 networks involving federal, state, and local government managers working with nongovernmental organizations. The findings suggest that networks are hardly crowding out the role of public agencies; though they are limited in their decision scope, they can add collaborative public value when approaching nettlesome policy and program problems.