教育刑理念的彰显与背离：近代中国假释制度考论

刑罚执行是刑事司法的最后环节,行刑法律的运作直接关涉刑罚功能与目的能否实现。假释作为行刑制度之一,其运作效果是刑罚观念的集中体现。近代以来假释制度完成了由恩典到权利的制度转化,因于诸多因素的制约,假释制度在清末刑事立法中虽然得以确立,却未能实践。其后的立法与司法虽对于假释制度有着较多的践行,但民众的法律情结却仍停留于报复惩戒,教育刑理念仍然未能深入人心,法律观念、法律文化的转型任重而道远。     

A Study of Maltreated Children and Their Families in Juvenile Court. III. Case Plans

We reviewed publicly available court records of 88 cases referred to juvenile court for maltreatment in Hennepin County, Minnesota. The goal of the current study was to examine the content of, and extent of compliance with, case plans. There was an average of 9.5 items per child on the case plan. About half the case plans did not address at least one presenting maltreatment type. Compliance was generally high for items ordered for the children, and for cases that ended in family preservation. However, information on compliance was not included in the court records for many of the items.     

Gun Availability and Robbery Rates: A Panel Study of Large U.S. Cities, 1974–1978

This paper examines the hypothesis that crime rates and the availability of firearms form a "vicious circle," so that increases in one lead to increases in the other. Two waves of panel data are used to estimate the relationship between rates of robbery and the relative availability of guns in a sample of large U.S. cities. The results indicate that total robbery rates and gun availability had no influence on each other, but that weapons choice in robbery and gun availability did form a mutually reinforcing cycle. Some implications of these findings are considered.