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1.
Using social network analysis (SNA), we propose a model for targeting criminal networks. The model we present here is a revised
version of our existing model (Schwartz and Rouselle in IALEIA Journal, 18(1):18–14, 2008), which itself builds on Steve Borgatti’s SNA-based key player approach. Whereas Borgatti’s approach focuses solely on actors’
network positions, our model also incorporates the relative strength or potency of actors, as well as the strength of the
relationships binding network actors.
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2.
Evidence relevant to claims of self-control theory concerning the connection between social integration and crime/deviance
is offered. Using data from a survey of the population of a southwestern city that permit measurement of two types of social
integration, including socially supportive networks, we (1) investigate the association between self-control and social integration,
and (2) attempt to ascertain if social integration is associated with misbehavior independently of self-control. Results suggest
that self-control is a persistent predictor of misconduct that operates independently of social integration. Although interpersonal
social integration appears to stand alone in its association with deviance, community integration shows no relationship with
self-control or misbehavior.
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3.
Much of the criminal justice literature indicates that people’s support for harsh criminal sanctions such as the death penalty
is strongly related to their beliefs about deterrence and their beliefs about retribution. In this paper, using social dominance
theory as our organizing framework, we expand upon this literature by showing that social dominance orientation (SDO) is also
related to support for harsh criminal sanctions, as well as to deterrence and retribution beliefs. In addition, we show that
the relationships between SDO, on the one hand, and support for various forms of severe criminal sanctions, on the other,
are mediated by deterrence and retribution beliefs.
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4.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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5.
Organized crime is often conceptualized as a business enterprise formed by actors motivated by profits. The Balkans represents
an ideal case for testing the extent to which assumptions about the image of actors involved in illegal arms trading can be
extrapolated to the macro-level of analysis. Focusing mainly on public discourse, this paper points to several thematic categories
of illicit arms trafficking: i) profit-oriented arms trafficking involving organized crime groups ii) trafficking of arms
for the purpose of arming criminal-terrorist formations and iii) state-sponsored illegal arms trafficking. Although economic
incentives appear strong in many cases, other cultural, social and political issues also frame the illicit arms market in
the region. We argue that both understanding and policing organized crime should also embrace the non-economic nature of this
type of criminal behavior.
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6.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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8.
This article considers how information and communications technologies (ICT) can be used by organised crime groups to infringe
legal and regulatory controls. Three categories of groups are identified: traditional organised criminal groups which make
use of ICT to enhance their terrestrial criminal activities; organised cybercriminal groups which operate exclusively online;
and organised groups of ideologically and politically motivated individuals who make use of ICT to facilitate their criminal
conduct. The activities of each group are then assessed in relation to five areas of risk: the use of online payment systems,
online auctions, online gaming, social networking sites and blogs. It is concluded that the distinction between traditional
organised crime groups and the other two groups—cybercriminal groups and ideologically/politically motivated cyber groups—is
converging, with financially-motivated attacks becoming more targeted. Legislation will need to adapt to deal with new technological
developments and threats that organised criminals seek to exploit.
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9.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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10.
I attempt to describe the several costs that criminal theory would be forced to pay by adopting the view (currently fashionable
among moral philosophers) that the intentions of the agent are irrelevant to determinations of whether his actions are permissible
(or criminal).
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11.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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12.
After briefly retracing the origins of the present day unbalanced division of family work, this paper article summarizes results
from three studies conducted with married adults and unmarried young adults from northern Portugal. The data support the idea
that (a) unequal family practices do not change because traditional practices are social norms that orientate individuals’
behavior; (b) individuals do not comply passively to these social norms but consider that the normative practices are fair;
(c) normative family practices are considered to be fair because women, as well as men, seem to gain benefits from traditional
family organization. The social consequences for women of the maintenance of normative family practices are discussed.
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13.
With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the
act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad
( Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the
power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal,
making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
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14.
Much research on adolescent delinquency pivots on the notion of peer influence. The peer effect that is typically employed
emphasizes the transmission of behaviors and attitudes between adolescents who are directly linked. In this paper, we argue
that to rely solely on those direct social ties to capture peer influence oversimplifies the realities of adolescent society.
We use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to show that indirect peer relations can exercise independent
influences on adolescent delinquency. Adolescents actively draw on the examples of friends of friends, and even more distal
peers, as they develop their repertoires of action and identity. We argue, however, that this behavior actually reflects adolescents’
ongoing struggle to impress their closest friends and to preserve their social circle. Indeed, the extent to which adolescents
are willing to model the behavior of indirect contacts seems to decline as that behavior becomes more dissimilar from that
of their close friends. Our findings dovetail with an account of the adolescent as a rational actor who struggles for social
acceptance in a complex peer environment which offers conflicting behavioral models.
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16.
Survey reports of police stops and driving behavior are a potential methodology for examining the magnitude and prevalence of the “Driving While Black” phenomena. However, estimates of the magnitude or correlates of racial disparity in police stops from self-reported survey data are potentially compromised if the accuracy of self-reports of police stops and driving behavior differ by race. We report on the results of a reverse record check survey in which we directly assess the degree and consequences of differences by race in self-reports of police stops. In our sample of drivers who had been cited for speeding in the preceding year, we found that 77% of the White respondents and 71% of the African American respondents admitted to being stopped. While both groups underreport stops, African Americans do so at a higher rate. This finding is consistent with many past studies which report stronger social desirability effects on survey responses among African Americans. Thus, survey data will tend to underestimate the magnitude of the “Driving While Black” phenomena. 相似文献
17.
This article reviews studies of China’s correctional system and recidivism in approximately the last two decades. Studies
on the Chinese correctional system may be grouped into two subfields, one on studies of the correctional system itself (e.g.,
the composition and the function of the system), and the other on studies of prison inmates in other related topics (e.g.,
their criminal behavior). Studies on China’s recidivism showed a very low recidivism rate, and China’s crime prevention strategies
were closely related to its societal structure and social control. Future studies in these two areas need to focus on the
most recent changes in the Chinese criminal justice system, and gain more access to Chinese prisons to do empirical testing.
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18.
This commentary on Michael Cahill’s Grading Arson argues that Cahill’s analysis inevitably leads to three possible conclusions. First, arson does not belong in criminal codes.
Second, crimes of manner do not belong in criminal codes. And, third, the special part needs serious reconsideration. Although
Cahill is reticent to draw any of these conclusions, this commentary urges Cahill to embrace all three.
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19.
Seeking a grounding in Buchanan (Cost and choice: an inquiry in economic theory, 1969) subjective theory of opportunity cost,
this paper sets out to fix a notional locus of the law in order to determine the cost of law enforcement. The paper also explores
the impact of unlawful activities on the economy and analyses the evolution of individual criminal activities in collective
criminal organizations such as the mafia.
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20.
Open interviews and unplanned conversations with criminals are an important part of ethnographic research in criminology.
This paper presents an analysis of conversations with members of Russian criminal groups. An attempt is made to explore the
value of these informal interviews, the danger of informal contacts with criminals, and the reliability of the information
received.
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