犯罪化范围的法理分析与展开

在犯罪化的合法性范围问题上,出现理论争议主要是由于对刑法所设立的禁止性义务来源的认识不同,其争论焦点在于刑法是否或应在多大程度上强制推行某种意义上的社会共同体道德。法律道德主义与法律自由主义在理论的实际应用上因其不确定性而往往难以统摄形形色色的社会现象。效益评价理论会因其伦理根基的不足而无法对自身理论进行有效的修正。实际上,犯罪化的范围是由刑法的价值本位决定的,应是界于个人本位与社会本位之间的一种动态定位,因而犯罪化的合法性范围的实然确定是立法者在协调社会本位与个人本位的基础上,依据某一阶段刑事政策的需要而对越轨行为做出的动态反应。     

占有之诉抗辩权问题研究

有请求一般就会有抗辩,针对占有保护请求权之抗辩权主要区分为8类,其中原告方面未曾占有某物、被告方面不存在侵占妨害占有的行为以及除斥期间届满等抗辩事由,其抗辩效果在于使请求权不成立或者消灭请求权,法官可以依职权予以释明。而对于原告的占有为无权占有、原告对于损害的发生及其扩大存在与有过失(又称促成过失)、被告享有本权、受害人之同意、紧急避险、自助行为以及无因管理等抗辩事由,其抗辩效果在于对抗请求权,法官通常不得依职权予以释明。原告的占有为无权占有、被告享有本权对于侵害占有的损害赔偿请求权具有一定的对抗效果,但是无法对抗其他的占有保护请求权。正当防卫是典型的侵权抗辩事由,一般无法成为侵害占有的抗辩事由。     

Theories of Criminalization

In this article, I comment on Simester and von Hirsch’s theory of criminalization and discuss general principles of criminalization. After some brief comments on punishment theories and the role of moral wrongdoing, I examine main lines of contemporary criminalization theories which tend to focus on the issues of harm, offense, paternalism and side-constraints. One of the points of disagreement with Simester and von Hirsch concerns the role of the harm principle. I rely on a straightforward normative concept of “rights of others,” not in the sense of rights granted in positive law but in the sense of rights which are to be justified in political philosophy. With a rights-centered rather than a harm-centered approach, a prima facie reason for criminalization is the violation of others’ rights. It is unnecessary to develop a separate category of “offense to others,” and paternalistic interventions can be criticized straightforwardly because rights can be waived.     

犯罪化基准论纲

犯罪化包括刑事立法上的犯罪化和刑事司法上的犯罪化。立法上的犯罪化是解决前实定法上的实质犯罪的犯罪化问题,司法上的犯罪化是实现实定法上的形式犯罪的犯罪化问题。立法上的犯罪化基准其根据是行为具有应受刑罚处罚程度的社会危害性,其原则是刑法的谦抑原则和合理性原则;司法上的犯罪化基准其根据是刑事违法性和社会危害性,其原则是刑法的谦抑原则和合法性原则。     

Objections to medico-legal autopsy--recent developments in case law

Medico-legal autopsies can be directed by coroners. However, in a number of jurisdictions family members can lodge objections with coroners against such procedures taking place. The authors analyse the objections, successful and unsuccessful, taken in Australia. Reviewing recent Victorian developments, they emphasise the public interest in autopsies which reveal medical causes of death. They identify the ongoing importance of coroners being able to exercise their statutory function to undertake death investigations effectively and to make informed recommendations to reduce the incidence of avoidable deaths.     

对“见危不救”要否入罪的思考

对见危不救要否入罪的讨论涉及法律与道德双重关系,而法律与道德的关系又需要结合时代的具体情势而定.即便要通过法律来加固道德,也需惩治与激励双管齐下,注意发挥法律的激励作用.在讨论见危不救要否入罪这个问题上,鉴于我国《刑法》结构与西方国家不同,不宜简单地移植西方国家《刑法》中的“见危不救罪”,而应通过完善《治安管理处罚法》等途径来加以解决.     

犯罪化与非犯罪化论纲

在人以为本的社会系统中,刑法作为社会的调控手段,其政策定位必须与社会政策保持应有的良好的衔接;刑法的触角不宜伸得太长,其出入罪机制及其向度必须以和谐社会的建构为基本标志、判断标准和生存规则。虽然和谐社会的建构最终需要从源头上协调各种冲突,刑法调控只是其中的一个环节。但是,深入研究犯罪化与非犯罪化问题,对于有效协调刑法与社会的关系,仍然具有重要意义。     

Criminalization and the Collateral Consequences of Conviction

Convicted offenders face a host of so-called “collateral” consequences: formal measures such as legal restrictions on voting, employment, housing, or public assistance, as well as informal consequences such as stigma, family tensions, and financial insecurity. These consequences extend well beyond an offender’s criminal sentence itself and are frequently more burdensome than the sentence. This essay considers two respects in which collateral consequences may be relevant to the question of what the state should, or may, criminalize. First, they may be relevant according to specific accounts of criminalization, including plausible versions of the harm principle and legal moralism. Second, they may be relevant to the legitimacy of state criminalization more generally. Thus for legal theorists concerned with the issue of legitimate criminalization, normative questions raised by collateral consequences are of central importance.     

人体器官移植违法行为犯罪化研究

人体器官移植违法行为呈高发态势,某些人体器官移植违法行为具有严重社会危害性,符合犯罪本质属性,应当将其犯罪化认定。目前,我国刑事立法及司法对此类行为的规制和惩罚尚呈空白状态,刑法有必要对这些新型犯罪进行规制,并将其分别置于刑法分则第四章“侵犯公民人身权利、民主权利”和第六章“妨害社会管理秩序罪”之中。     

金融欺诈的犯罪化限度及路径

金融欺诈的犯罪化限度及路径问题事关金融刑法的正义性。金融欺诈犯罪化的限度问题与金融欺诈的不可避免性、经济有益性、被害人过错和社会缺陷、犯罪追诉成本等因素密切相关,而金融欺诈犯罪化的路径应当坚持“先民后行再刑”之路。     

从事实到规范:犯罪化立法原则层次论

作为犯罪化立法原则,英美法系的危害原则和大陆法系的法益侵害说与我国的社会危害性理论在内涵、地位、功能上具有同质性。单一的犯罪化立法原则缺乏足够的适用性,多元的犯罪化原则缺乏一条主线贯穿其中。我国犯罪化立法原则体系的构建应当以犯罪的概念为基础,将社会危害性作为犯罪化的逻辑起点,应受刑罚惩罚性作为犯罪化的应然补充,但应受刑罚惩罚性自身有循环定义之嫌,可以从刑罚的必要性、有效性、经济性对其做进一步的说明,刑事法定性作为犯罪化的最终归宿。如此沿着从事实到规范层层递进的思维路径,方能合理划定刑法的界限。     

论研究船舶污染事故中船员犯罪问题的意义

海洋环境污染已成为国际社会广泛关注的问题.基于海洋对于人类的重要性和海洋环境污染的严重程度,国际社会意识到要为海洋建立一种法律秩序,以便利国际交通和促进海洋的和平用途,海洋资源的公平而有效的利用,海洋生物资源的养护以及研究、保护和保全海洋环境. 这种法律秩序体系庞大,涉及到海洋开发、利用和保护的方方面面.海洋环境污染事故发生后有关行为人犯罪及刑事责任的问题,也当然被包含在这个法律秩序当中.分析研究船舶污染事故中船员犯罪问题的重要意义.     

The Criminalization of Aliens: Regulating Foreigners

Intergroup contact and conflict is inevitable in the context of global economic competition and geopolitical interests. Immigrant and migratory groups have particularly been subjected to unequal treatment by members of dominant host groups, generally as a means of promoting and protecting their own economic and political interests. Immigrants often serve as a dependent and secondary labor force, useful within fluctuating cycles of labor shortage, economic crises, and economic prosperity. Likewise, criminalization is one tool that perpetuates notions of “otherness,” which in turn maintains immigrant minorities as a secondary labor force; and justifies penal punishment of them. For instance, in the United States, Chicanos and Mexican immigrants have been exploited as secondary labor, and have also been more likely than many other groups to be swept up in the Criminal Justice System. Drawing on neo-Marxist perspectives and postcolonial notions of “otherness”, this paper examines the relationship between incarceration of foreigners and economic conditions, economic threat, population change, and otherness. As hypothesized, country level data suggests that factors such as a free market economy, population change, economic competition, and a concentration of immigrants in the population are related to the level of imprisonment of foreigners. Implications for further research are also discussed.     

以违法与责任为支柱构建犯罪论体系

对犯罪实体的认识不能仅停留在"客观"与"主观"两个概念上;犯罪论体系应当以价值或目的作为出发点,从而体现评价;以违法与责任为支柱构建犯罪论体系,具有充分根据与内在合理性。     

违反环保行政义务行为的犯罪化探讨

基于完善环境刑法的需要,我国应设立违反环保行政义务罪。本文介绍了典型西方国家关于违反环保行政义务罪的立法状况,分析了我国违反环保行政义务行为犯罪化的必要性,提出了设立本罪的具体立法建议。     

Before the Law: Criminalization,Accusation and Justice

This review essay critically engages three socio-legal books directed to the changing bases of criminalization; namely, Lacey (In search of criminal responsibility: ideas, interests, and institutions, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017); Farmer (Making the modern criminal law: criminalization and civil order, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016); and Norrie, Justice and the slaughter bench: essays on law’s broken dialectic, Routledge, New York, 2016). The texts explore how modern (largely English) institutions of criminal law proscribe, assign responsibility and appear through contradictory socio-political ‘constellations’. They variously reference criminal law’s expanding punitiveness as it: embraces revived character-based ways of attributing responsibility via ideas of risk; drifts away from a social function of creating civil order; and, works through a ‘broken dialectic’ that fails to recognize its ethico-political auspices. The ensuing ‘overcriminalization’ is referenced variously, but this review questions a tendency to work off legal lexicons, with consequent limitations placed on the scope of social analysis. Referring to Roman and Cape colonial forms of criminalization, this review highlights processes of accusation that call subjects to account as criminals, thereby signalling an initiating socio-political layer upon which unequal forms of overcriminalization rest.