共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Several recent studies show European university scientists contributing far more frequently to company-owned patented inventions
than they do to patents owned by universities or by the academic scientists themselves. Recognising the significance of this
channel for direct commercialisation of European academic research makes it important to understand its response to current
Bayh-Dole inspired reforms of university patenting rights. This paper studies the contribution from university scientists
to inventions patented by dedicated biotech firms (DBFs) specialised in drug discovery in Denmark and Sweden, which in this
respect share a number of structural and historic characteristics. It examines effects of the Danish Law on University Patenting
(LUP) effective January 2000, which transferred to the employer university rights to patents on inventions made by Danish
university scientists alone or as participants in collaborative research with industry. Sweden so far has left property rights
with academic scientists, as they also were in Denmark prior to the reform. Consequently, comparison of Danish and Swedish
research collaboration before and after LUP offers a quasi-controlled experiment, bringing out effects on joint research of
university IPR reform. In original data on all 3,640 inventor contributions behind the 1,087 patents filed by Danish and Swedish
DBFs 1990–2004, Difference-in-Difference regressions uncover notable LUP-induced effects in the form of significant reductions
in contributions from Danish domestic academic inventors, combined with a simultaneous substitutive increase of non-Danish
academic inventors. A moderate increase in academic inventions channelled into university owned-patents does appear after
LUP. But the larger part of the inventive potential of academia, previously mobilised into company-owned patents, seems to
have been rendered inactive as a result of the reform. As a likely explanation of these effects the paper suggests that exploratory
research, the typical target of joint university-DBF projects in drug discovery, fits poorly into LUP’s requirement for ex
ante allocation of IPR. The Pre-LUP convention of IPR allocated to the industrial partner in return for research funding and
publication rights to the academic partner may have offered more effective contracting for this type of research. There are
indications that LUP, outside the exploratory agenda of drug discovery, offers a more productive framework for inventions
requiring less complicated and uncertain post-discovery R&D.
相似文献
2.
This paper estimates the process of diffusion and decay of knowledge from university, public laboratories and corporate patents
in six countries and tests the differences across countries and across technological fields using data from the European Patent
Office. It finds that university and public research patents are more cited relatively to companies’ patents. However these
results are mainly driven by the Chemical, Drugs & Medical, and Mechanical fields and US universities. In Europe and Japan,
where the great majority of patents from public research come from national agencies, there is no evidence of a superior fertility
of university and public laboratory patents vis à vis corporate patents. The distribution of the citation lags shows that
knowledge embedded in university and public research patents tends to diffuse more rapidly relative to corporate ones in particular
in the US, Germany, France and Japan.
相似文献
3.
U.S. universities and academic medical centers long have been important performers of research in the life sciences, but their
role as a source of patented intellectual property in this field has changed significantly in the late 20th and early 21st
centuries. The expanded presence of formal intellectual property rights within the academic biomedical research enterprise
has occasioned numerous expressions of concern from scholars, policymakers, and participants. One widely expressed fear involves
the effects of patenting on the conduct of the scientific research enterprise. There is also considerable concern over the
possible role of Materials Transfer Agreements (MTAs) in raising research “transaction costs”. On the other hand, others suggest
that the contractual structure provided by MTAs may reduce transaction costs and facilitate exchange. This paper undertakes
a preliminary analysis of the role of MTAs in the biomedical research enterprise at the University of Michigan, a significant
patenter and licensor of biomedical intellectual property. We examine the relationship among invention disclosures, patenting,
licensing, and the presence or absence of an MTA. Although data limitations make any conclusions tentative, our analysis suggests
that the increased assertion of property rights by universities through MTAs does not appear to impede the commercialization
of university research through patenting and licensing.
相似文献
4.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
相似文献
5.
Situational crime prevention has been met with considerable scepticism from academic criminologists primarily for its indifference
to social welfare. It has been seen as contributing to a law-and-order agenda with its focus on making public places secure
for business and as supplanting social welfare policies as means of responding to crime. But situational crime prevention
contributes more to social welfare than sceptics allow and its advocates (may) believe. Situational crime prevention has enjoyed
its fullest and robust expression, not in the free-market, neo-liberal environment of America, but within the leading welfare
states of Norway, Sweden and Denmark. This essay considers the politics of the situational approach, the alleged benefits
of social crime prevention, criminalisation of social policy, unplanned social welfare benefits, assumptions about the role
of business, and concerns about privacy, surveillance and control. The discussion centres on the European experience: the
UK, France, The Netherlands and the Nordic countries.
相似文献
6.
Although labor mobility has been recognized as a key mechanism for transferring tacit knowledge, prior research on inventors
has so far hardly discussed the impact of a move on inventive performance. Additionally, existing research has neglected the
differences in gains from a move between high and lower performing inventors. This paper adds to the current R&D literature
by presenting a jointly estimated quantile regression to compare the coefficients of the explanatory variables at different
points of the performance distribution. Additionally, dummy variables are used to compare inventive performance prior and
in the aftermath of a move. Results reveal that inventors at the upper end of the performance distribution are better able
to benefit from a move to draw level with or to overtake non-movers in the post-move period. Whereas at the bottom of the
performance distribution a higher level of education has a positive impact on inventive performance, education does not matter
significantly at the upper end of the performance distribution. Data for the analysis was derived from a survey of German
inventors ( N = 3,049).
相似文献
7.
This paper compares the innovative performance of foreign-owned and domestically owned enterprises in five European countries.
We look at innovation inputs, outputs, and examine how strong foreign-owned enterprises are embedded in the innovations systems
of their host countries. We find that foreign ownership is associated with similar levels of innovation input, but higher
levels of innovation output and higher labour productivity compared to domestic ownership. In four of the five countries,
affiliates of foreign multinationals show a similar or even a higher propensity to co-operate with domestic partners than
domestically owned enterprises.
相似文献
8.
Our paper analyses the modalities according to which a large European university collaborates with firms by exploring its
relational portfolio. We address this issue by exploiting a database that lists more than 1,000 firms having collaborated
with the University Louis Pasteur (ULP) between 1990 and 2002. We first observe the relative importance of four collaborative
channels (private contracts, European contracts, co-publications, co-inventions) across the whole population of firms. Second,
using a multi-correspondence analysis, we derive a typology of collaborative patterns which underline the discriminating features
of the frequency of interactions, of the exclusive versus open character of the relationships and of the nature of the collaborative
channels. Four coherent classes emerge from particular combinations of these relational characteristics. Finally, using multinomial
logit estimation, we show how this diversity of partnerships is connected to some individual attributes of the firms: size,
status, sector and location.
相似文献
9.
We study the successfulness of Science Parks (SPs) as seedbeds of innovation. We investigate whether SPs enhance the innovative
output of their tenants and if tenants outperform comparable outside-SPs firms. We rely on original matching datasets regarding
in- and out-SP Finnish firms and their patenting activity over 1970–2002. We estimate and compare the ‘before-versus-after’
hazard rates of patenting of both samples. The results suggest that, given the existence of a common tendency to slow down
the pace at which all firms patent during their life cycle, Park tenants exhibit a comparatively better performance. Results
are robust to various model specifications and to Wald tests performed over the pooled samples.
相似文献
10.
The present work discusses the effects of university culture and structure on university–business relations, focusing on knowledge
transfer activities. It puts forward the thesis that when links between university and business are introduced into the university
system as a turn-key proposition rather than as developmental process, the prevailing university culture and structure will
exert resistance against change and will oppose the creation of appropriate structures to promote them, with deleterious effects
for the university.
相似文献
11.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
相似文献
12.
Our contribution to the expanding literature on the globalization of research and innovation is to investigate the extent
to which sector-specific developments in an emerging technology (such as increasing interdisciplinarity and complexity) affect
inventive activities developed abroad. We look at how technological diversity and scientific excellence of host countries
in the field of nanotechnology affect the development of inventive activities by US multinational companies (MNCs). We identify
the most active US-based MNCs in nanotechnology-related patenting and examine location decisions of these companies and their
international subsidiaries. Econometric results confirm our hypothesis that the technological breadth of host countries positively
influences the expected number of inventions developed abroad by US MNCs. Science capabilities of countries also have a positive
impact on the decision to invent abroad, while the influence of market specific factors is less clear. We interpret these
results as suggesting that host country science capabilities are important to attract innovative activities by MNCs, but as
the interdisciplinary and convergent nature of nanotechnology evolves, access to a broadly diversified knowledge base becomes
important in increasing the relative attractiveness of host locations.
相似文献
13.
This paper presents results of a survey on legislation regarding female genital mutilation in 15 European member states, as
well as the results of a comparative analysis of the implementation of these laws in Belgium, France, Spain, Sweden and the
UK. The research showed that although both criminal laws and child protection laws are implemented a number of difficulties
with the implementation of these laws remain. The article suggests that efforts should primarily focus on child protection
measures, but also on developing implementation strategies for criminal laws, and concludes with suggestions to overcome the
obstructing factors to implement laws applicable to FGM in Europe.
相似文献
14.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
相似文献
15.
We ask whether informal interactions between university and industry scientists result in collaborative research. Using data
from a national survey of tenured and tenure-track scientists and engineers in U.S. research extensive universities, we demonstrate
that university scientists’ informal interactions with private sector companies increase both the likelihood and intensity
of collaborative research with industry.
相似文献
16.
This paper examines how patent protection in a technology recipient country affects international technology transfer. A theory
suggests that the effect of stronger patent protection on technology transfer is negative if the binding constraint is the
imitation profitability and positive if it is the incentive for the licensor to undertake technology transfer. We evaluate
these implications by examining the variations of the structure of licensing contracts across countries, based on a newly
collected database of licensing contracts by Japanese firms. Our major findings are the following. First, the incidence of
know-how licensing, either in the pure or in the bundled form, relative to that of pure patent licensing, declines significantly
with the level of foreign patent protection. This indicates a limited role of patents for facilitating know-how licensing.
Secondly, the probability and the strength of ownership control by a licensor declines with the level of patent protection,
indicating a positive effect of stronger patent protection in expanding the scope of the recipients of technology transfer.
相似文献
17.
Rapid growth in internationalization of corporate R&D has spurred considerable interest since the 1990s. Foreign R&D is still
mainly driven by the expansion of international production, but technology sourcing has become an increasingly important driver
of dispersion. Actually, differences across sectors and companies tend to obscure the mix of motivations behind the development
of global innovation networks. This paper distinguishes the various drivers of the international dispersion of corporate R&D
in order to elaborate a typology of foreign R&D units, including in emerging countries. This typology is used to discuss the
emergence of differentiated global innovation networks and the location choices by type of R&D unit. It is applied to foreign
R&D projects in Europe in high and low cost countries between 2002 and 2005. It is then used to discuss the weakening attractiveness
of the European Union for R&D activities and the relevant policies that countries can design to attract different types of
units.
相似文献
18.
Life sciences are the best developed area of academic research throughout Latin America. Biomedical research has been particularly
successful. However, generally speaking, excellence in research has not been accompanied by commercially successful innovations,
a pattern that differs from what has happened in many highly industrialized countries, even small ones. The paper explores
some causes of such disappointing outcome, stressing in particular the historical lack of political and social legitimacy
exhibited by innovation policies in underdevelopment. From a developmental point of view it is of great importance the building
of such legitimacy. One way of doing so is to link more tightly innovation policies to social concerns; bio-innovation is
suggested as a productive path towards that aim.
相似文献
19.
The paper examines the flow of highly skilled workers employed by foreign companies in Hungary. It explores the relationship
between foreign direct investment (FDI) and tacit knowledge flows through the mobility of highly qualified workers in this
age of globalisation. The paper shows that mobility is a very important factor in the transfer of knowledge linked to the
movement of capital—to FDI. The paper analyses the potential transfer of knowledge and skills from advanced market economies
to Hungarian companies as accompanying FDI. The analysis is based on a pioneering survey on business-led mobility.
相似文献
20.
This article aims at identifying differences in copyright protection in prerecorded music markets, and more specifically the
impact of the legal system on the demand for original music CDs. To this end, we use a panel of 28 OECD countries in the period
1999–2005. After testing alternative specifications, our results show that differences in legal origin lead to differences
in intellectual property rights enforcement. Our results also consistent with previous studies that find that common law countries
have more secure property rights.
相似文献
|