Citizen crime prevention: Domains and participation

Attempts to engender citizens' participation in crime-prevention activities have met with varied degrees of success. Indeed, studies find great differences in participants. Part of the reason may be that different types of crime prevention are considered in the various programs and analyses. The present study uses the National Crime Survey: Victims Risk Supplement to uncover different domains of crime prevention activity and to investigate who participates in crime prevention. Five distinct types of crime-preventive behavior are isolated in the analysis. Further, path analytic techniques reveal that different demographic and crime related factors influence participation in the various crime-prevention activities. These results suggest that participation in crime prevention is complex and that we need more knowledge about who participates in different crime-prevention programs in order to promote such participation more effectively.     

Client participation in paid sex markets under alternative regulatory regimes

To help inform the design and review of alternative public regulatory policies towards paid adult sex markets, this study uses economic reasoning to explore the nature of client participation. This is a timely focus given the increasing consideration and movement towards a greater role for demand-side policies and regulation that has emerged in some countries to complement, or, in some cases, even replace elements of supply-side regulation and policy. The analysis is based upon a time allocation model that characterises the nature and balance of incentives facing clients under various public regulatory regimes. The regimes considered range from the status quo in England, Wales and Scotland, to varying levels of state involvement or direction, featuring, inter alia, supplier registration, public health inspections and locational restrictions. All of these are shown to affect in various ways the extent to which risk, income and other factors can influence the pattern and intensity of leisure time usage, which is a key requirement for client participation in paid sex markets.     

公民权与公民社会

根据马克思关于社会成员具有公民与私人的双重身份和公权利与私权利的双重权利的理论,可以将民间社会理解为具有私人社会与公民社会双重属性的存在。公民社会是同政治国家相对应的政治社会,是组织化的政治存在,区别于分散的自然人社会的经济存在或民事主体存在。非政府组织是公民社会的核心力量。公民社会的特性和作用是让各个社会阶层有其组织和表达民意的渠道来参与国家政治,影响国家的决策。     

尊重公民“个人”

"个人"是宪法关系中的重要主体,享有一定的宪法权利并承担着一定的宪法义务。尊重公民"个人"的主体地位、独立人格、自由精神是宪法价值中的应有之义。个人是人权的基本要素,是人权的立足点、人权保护的归属以及人权保障的目的。个人获得尊重,才能最大程度地实现人民意志利益和个人意志利益的一致性。个人广泛参与,才能为人民积聚正当性力量。重新认识"个人"的价值,是实现民主、人权、人民主权、法治、权力制约原则的结合点。从各种途径光大"个人"的精神,可以使我们的国家、集体因为个体之被发现而变得更为融洽和谐,宪法会真正成为公民个体发自内心尊崇的规范。     

Citizen Review of the Police

Abstract

The research presents the summary and analysis of ten-year data (1991-2000) involving the People's Law Enforcement Board (PLEB). It describes the types of police officers and the police departments that had cases before the People's Law Enforcement Board (PLEB). It also examines the types of cases that were handled by these civilian review boards as well as the manner of dispositions of these cases, the number of times its decisions were affirmed, reversed, or modified by an appellate board, and the composition and qualifications of the members of the boards. The data indicate that the propensity of police officers for receiving complaints in the boards may be a function of both rank and assignment. The data also suggest that the PLEB tends to be lenient in its disposition of cases. However, the People's Law Enforcement Board appears to make good quality decisions as indicated by the appellate boards' upholding of PLEB decisions.     

谈公民的纳税意识

随着税收在国家财政中的地位的上升,税收法制建设也被提上议事日程。公民的纳税意识薄弱问题受到了人们的关注。公民的纳税意识是国家税收文化的积淀,是税制建设的反应,提高公民的纳税意识需要全社会的共同努力。     

公民权利抑或个人权利——宪法文本中的个人与公民概念分析

基本权利的主体有个人、公民、法人、组织集体之分,基本权利的最主要主体是个人,这是宪法思想史和宪法性文件所昭示的。中国宪法规定公民作为基本权利主体,个人只是义务主体。这样使得基本权利主体范围减少,在理论上与中国宪法规定的人权原理相悖。其原因有理论上的误区,也有翻译的误导。建议把中国宪法文本中的“公民的基本权利和义务”改为“基本权利”或者“人和公民的基本权利”,其具体内容则重新以“个人”基本权利为主进行规范,使得宪法规范中的基本权利条款与人权规范的本质特点相一致。     

以公民权利制约行政权

公民权利与行政权的含义、关系及其公民权利对行政权的制约,长期以来是我国行政法上的一个盲点,同时也是一个焦点问题。本文从法源及其现实表现层面论述了二者的含义及相互关系,并从立法及其构建完善的法律体系方面阐述了公民权利对行政权的制约。     

"公民"的"回归"

政治话语的变迁透视着政治丈明的转型.在寻求新民主主义革命的胜利、建立和巩固社会主义政权的理论和实践中,"人民"、"群众"概念覆盖了"公民"概念,成为政治话语中的核心概念;而改革开放以来,"公民"概念逐步"回归"并成为时下流行的专业术语.在走向权利的时代,"公民"的回归势在必行也理所当然.     

从新公共服务理论引发出对公民参与的反思

本文以新公共服务理论为导火线,对新公共服务理论提倡的公民参与进行正反分析。笔者首先从理论、实践、个人、社会、公共管理等层面对公民参与进行正面剖析,然后从实际出发,对公民参与现状进行反思,分析了为何一些理论大力提倡公民参与,而公民参与兴趣越来越减退的种种原因,并提出了解决这一问题的几点对策。     

市民社会、社区与社区矫正

从市民社会的角度分析刑事司法制度、社区矫正与社会结构之间的关系,可认识到二元结构的社会是社区矫正制度得以建立的社会基础。我国尚处于从一元社会结构向二元社会结构转型的过程中,因而目前的社区矫正具有现阶段的一些过渡性特点,需要从理论研究、法规建设、机构建设以及探索社会资源参与社区矫正的方式等方面对这项制度予以完善。