宪法学的教义化——德国国家法学方法论的发展

本文主要介绍了德国自19世纪下半叶以来的国家法学方法论的发展。从1871年开始,德国经历了三次政治上的转折,政治的变化同样反映到国家法学和宪法学的研究当中,在近一个半世纪的时间里,如何通过方法论努力科学地进行国家法和宪法的体系建构或者解释,一直是问题的重心。而德国国家法学和宪法学方法论的发展对于今天的中国而言也具有重要的借鉴意义。     

德国知识产权法的演进

德国法律,基于严谨科学的理性思维和博大精深的历史沉淀,为各国法律发展提供了有益的借鉴,而其成熟健全的现代知识产权法,则为国际知识产权制度不断注入新的活力.德国的知识产权立法,除1896年首创世界第一部反不正当竞争法外,其商标法(1874年)、外观设计法(1876年)、专利法(1877年)和实用新型法(1892年)等工业产权法的起步均晚于英、法、美等国.     

Preserving the Identity Crisis: Autonomy,System and Sovereignty in European Law

This article uses Hans Kelsen's theory of a legalsystem to take a fresh look at European Community law,and the relationship between the European Community,its Member States, and international law. It arguesthat the basis of the Community's legal legitimacy isindeterminate, and offers a model to accommodate thatindeterminacy. This model is founded on aconstructivist approach suggested to be particularlyuseful in the EC context. Using this approach, it isargued that the concepts of system, autonomy andsovereignty in the Community can only be understoodthrough the recognition of a plurality of viewpoints,and that it is crucial, in describing the Community,to distinguish between a concept per se and thechoice to adopt that concept.     

宪法：从政治法到治政法

将宪法称为政治法,虽然由来久、流传广,但弊病多、危害深,不宜继续提倡。政治事务虽然由宪法集中规范,但宪法不只是规范政治事务。单纯从宪法与政治的关系上讲,宪法不是政治统治法、被政治控制之法,而是控制政治之法、治理政权之法。人民是政治与治政的主体,宪法是人民治政的依据与准则。将宪法作为治政法,体现了民主与民治的要求,有利于增强宪法的法律属性与价值理性,有利于实现宪治、实现民主、实现自由。     

Restructuring "Germany Inc.": The Politics of Company and Takeover Law Reform in Germany and the European Union

The reform of German company law by the Control and Transparency Law (KonTraG) of 1998 reveals the politics of corporate governance liberalization. The reforms strengthened the supervisory board, shareholder rights, and shareholder equality, but left intra‐corporate power relations largely intact. Major German financial institutions supported the reform's contribution to the modernization of German finance, but blocked mandatory divestment of equity stakes and cross‐shareholding. Conversely, organized labor prevented any erosion of supervisory board codetermination. Paradoxically, by eliminating traditional takeover defenses, the KonTraG's liberalization of company law mobilized German political opposition to the European Union's (EU) draft Takeover Directive and limited further legal liberalization.     

城镇化背景下社区建设的宪法学思考

在我国推进城镇化建设的背景下,社区建设面临着各种新问题,因此,在理论研究与实践中应重新认识社区自治理论,因为城镇化的关键是人的市民化,居民的社区意识是社区自治的动力和源泉.所以,只有将宪法中的民主、法治理念和精神及价值导入社区的宏观治理结构中,建构社区自治的新模式,才能有效地提高居民的自我管理能力,促进社区冲突解决机制的形成.     

德国人工智能创造物的知识产权法保护及其启示

人工智能时代的到来,有关其创造物的知识产权法保护问题给现有的法律理念与规则带来了巨大挑战。因而比较法视阈欧盟背景下的德国经验或许有一定参考意义;即先通过评介欧盟层面与人工智能相关的法政策与伦理准则,再从德国层面整理其创造物知识产权法保护上的实务经验与理论讨论。进而从中获得对我国的启示:一方面,呼吁今后在我国人工智能创造物知识产权法保护的外部,进一步细化相关的法政策,并着手制定相适应的伦理准则;另一方面,在其内部,基于当前现行法修改实际,分别从专利法、著作权法二个主要维度提出具体的完善建议。并强调内外规制体系间的协调配合,以期塑造既具体可行又灵活完整的我国人工智能创造物的知识产权法保护体系。     

The Emergence of a European Private Law: Lessons from 19th Century Germany

As regards the emergence of a European private law in our time,this article shows that lessons can be learnt from the historyof unification of regionally defined private law in the GermanConfederation (1815–1866). An important lesson is thatthe Europeanization of private law will be anything but a spontaneousprocess. Moreover, like the members of the German Confederationalmost 200 years ago, the members of the current European Unionwill not have an equal say in the debate about unification ofprivate law. Now, as then, economic interdependencies betweenthe respective members will come into play. That is to say,the members the economies of which are relatively less dependentupon the economies of other members than vice versa are poisedto have a larger say in the debate.     

Form and Substance in European Constitutional Law: The ‘Social’ Character of Indirect Effect

This article proposes to understand the constitutional discourse about individuals, rights and enforcement, as developed in the courtrooms, in relation to historic and contextual circumstances. It focuses on the interface between indirect effect and social policy, and argues that the creation of indirect effect has been integral to a judicial strategy centred on the key concern for sustaining the balance between market freedom and interventionism as achieved in the political process.     

Excusing Necessity and Terror: What Criminal Law Can Teach Constitutional Law

This essay proposes a theory of excuse that, without blending it into exculpation, avoids the condonation of crime. The question it takes up is: given that neither compulsion by circumstances nor by human threats removes the legal reason for punishing, how can its exonerating force be rendered compatible with the state’s general duty to punish the guilty? The chapter criticizes various proposals for reconciling excuse with the duty to punish the guilty, including the moral involuntariness theory, the concession to frailty theory, and the conformity to moral expectation theory. It then proposes a solution: moral blamelessness exonerates because it simulates the conditions for legal exculpation. Just as the exculpated actor acknowledges the legal norm of mutual respect for agents, so does the excused actor acknowledge the public reason of the self-sufficient political community of which the legal norm is a part. The author argues that this theory would excuse the altruistic no less than the self-preferring murderer.     

德国及欧盟反垄断法中的商标许可合同

TRIPs协议原则上规定了应对知识产权许可合同中阻碍技术转让的滥用知识产权限制竞争行为进行控制,而且还列举了知识产权许可合同中几种典型的滥用知识产权的限制竞争行为,如:独占性回授、不争条款及强制搭售.但对于其他滥用知识产权限制竞争行为,以及不同许可合同中滥用知识产权限制竞争行为是否应采取不同的措施,却留给了成员国内法自行解释,并没有明确做出强制性统一规定.     

都市社会语境下法治认同模式的构想

城镇化进程的全面启动与依法治国战略的全面推进使得都市社会中的法治认同成为一个重要论题。一方面,都市社会的发展消解了传统法治认同模式赖以存立的共同体,另一方面都市化的进程又塑造了一种新型的社会关系并具有独特的精神气质,进而构成了一种新型的共同体——媒介型共同体。媒介型共同体以异质性的不断生成为其正当性基础,以多重空间分配与构造为其基本特征,并且超越传统的依托于民族国家的共同体模式,形成了一种依托于都市和全球的新型共同体。都市社会中的法治认同要求利他主义的都市法律主体,立基于"都市—全球"的互动结构,以空间分配促进都市法律主体对于都市法治的认同,最终指向都市法治的实现。     

Between Procedural Impermeability and Constitutional Openness: The Italian Constitutional Court and Preliminary References to the European Court of Justice

On 15 April 2008, the Italian Constitutional Court (ICC) raised for the first time a preliminary question to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). This decision (see judgment No 102/2008 and order No 103/2008) represented a turning point in the ICC's case‐law, and calls for a careful assessment of the motives backing such revirement as well as of the legal reasoning that the Italian judges used to wrap it up without repudiating their previous case‐law. In addition to this preliminary analysis, the aim of this essay is to explore two themes: i) the developments of the ICC's case‐law as regards the role of Community Law and the ECJ, and ii) the appraisal of the interplay between the ICC and the ECJ in the light of the notion of ‘interpretive competition’.