中国语境下司法民主的理论建构——基于政治正当性与权力合法性视角

从政治正当性与权力合法性的角度检视新时期人民司法的实践,可以看到,尽管新时期司法民主的理论创新与制度实践所要解决的问题依然是如何有效地建立起中国司法的权威,但是它还需要解决好司法为民、便民的问题.因而,必须明确,中国司法民主的理论建构与司法实践必须在坚持法治与司法职业化的前提下,尽可能地确保社会大众能够理性、有效、适度地参与司法,以便于提高参与司法的便利性,扩大司法的参与性,增强司法的透明性,保持司法的中立性;同时,要坚持司法的法治原则,秉持依法司法的宗旨,遵循司法的程序性、专业性与规律性,通过程序的开放,贯彻司法的责任原则,理性、适度地参与司法活动.唯有此,才能够形成合力与合作,确保司法民主意涵的真正落实,推动司法权威的建成.     

协商民主视角下网络民意参与司法的正当性阐释

网络民意有序参与司法具有鲜明的时代背景和深刻的理论基础。从协商民主的角度来看,网络民意参与司法体现了协商民主的精神,表现为民主协商的过程,并以协商型正义为结果。就网络民意的生发过程而言,网络民意应然地昭示和实践着协商民主的精神;就现代司法的正义诉求而言,不管是司法程序内部还是司法与社会之间都体现出民主协商的精神;协商民主由此成为网络民意与现代司法之间的价值纽带,网络民意对司法的参与也因此获得了民主协商的模式,通过协商而达致的协商型正义则成为了网络民意参与司法的理想境界。     

政策合法性的困境及其改善：协商民主的视角

无论是经验主义,还是规范主义,政策合法性理论在现实的政治生活中均面临着重大困境,其解决的基本方向是发展协商民主笔者在研究中发现．通过公共协商,正视和整合多元社套中的多元利益,可以使公共政策获得更为坚实的合法性基础。     

A Purposive Interpretation of the National Minimum Wage Act

This article uses a purposive method of interpretation to suggest solutions to various questions raised in the application of the National Minimum Wage Act (NMWA). The article first considers the goals of minimum wage laws (and the NMWA in particular) by putting forward the justifications for such laws and addressing critiques. It is argued that the minimum wage is best understood as a mechanism for redistribution of resources and ensuring respect for the human dignity of workers. Building on this articulation of goals, the article then proceeds to consider which group of workers are included within the scope of the NMWA (interpreting terms such as 'worker', 'voluntary workers', apprentices and trainees); what are considered working hours for the purpose of the Act (focusing on cases of work/sleep combinations); and what constitutes part of the wage (focusing on tips, attendance allowances and deductions for accommodations).     

Crime,Justice, and the Under‐Laborer: On the Criminology of the Shadow and the Search for Disciplinary Identity and Legitimacy

This article proposes an alternative vision for what criminal justice can represent such that its interests in becoming a full‐fledged academic discipline are advanced. Linked to philosophical inquiry (the under‐laborer), emphasis is placed on explicating how insights derived from ontology, epistemology, aesthetics, and ethics underscore the field. Coupled with this more probing excursion is psychoanalytic reflexivity (the criminology of the shadow). The manner in which the philosophical lens informs criminal justice is delineated, and the logic of this shadow criminology is described. As dimensions of an inclusive organizing scheme, their potential for fostering integration in crime and justice studies consistent with the goals of disciplinary identity and legitimacy is explored. The implications of the proposed model—especially for charting a new direction in theory, research, policy, and pedagogy—are also highlighted.     

法的合法性问题研究

法的合法性问题是很重要的 ,西方许多思想家都对此作了论述。一种法律要被人们遵守 ,首先必须被信仰 ,而法律信仰的本质是对它的合法性 ,即正当性和权威性的确信。这种确信是以人们对法律的合法性评价为基础的。合法性评价应从实质和形式两个方面进行 ,二者各有其评价标准。     

Hobbes and the Legitimacy of Law

Legal positivism dominates in the debate between it and naturallaw, but close attention to the work of Thomas Hobbes – the``founder' of the positivist tradition – reveals a version ofanti-positivism with the potential to change the contours of thatdebate. Hobbes's account of law ties law to legitimacy throughthe legal constraints of the rule of law. Legal order isessential to maintaining the order of civil society; and theinstitutions of legal order are structured in such a way thatgovernment in accordance with the rule of law is intrinsicallylegitimate.I focus on Hobbes's neglected catalogue of the laws of nature.Only the first group gets much attention. Its function is tofacilitate exit from the state of nature, an exit which Hobbesseems to make impossible. The second group sets out the moralpsychology of both legislators and subjects necessary to sustaina properly functioning legal order. The third sets out the formalinstitutional requirements of such an order. The second and thirdgroups show Hobbes not concerned with solving an insolubleproblem of exit from the state of nature but with theconstruction of legitimate order. Because a sovereign is bydefinition one who governs through law, Hobbes's absolutism isconstrained. Government in accordance with the rule of law isgovernment subject to the moral constraints of the institutionsof legal order.     

Legitimacy in corrections

Research Summary
To extend research on legitimacy to the correctional system, we study a sample of 202 adult inmates randomly assigned to serve their 6-month sentence at one of two institutions—a traditional prison or a military-style correctional boot camp. Findings show that perceptions of justice system legitimacy changed during the course of incarceration, that the prison (but not the boot camp) proved delegitimizing, and that certain regime characteristics explained why.
Policy Implications
Across academic disciplines, studies continue to link compliance with perceived legitimacy. Compliance with the law, for instance, is related closely to the legitimacy of the justice system and its actors. These findings suggest implementing legitimacy-building policies such as procedurally fair treatment and decision making by police officers and judges. This article, by finding legitimacy to be malleable even at the final stage of the justice process, proposes the efficacy of similar policies in the correctional system. As research from England and Wales has shown, legitimizing strategies in this context could increase compliance both during and after incarceration.     

哈贝马斯的合法性理论中的现代性

本文对哈贝马斯的合法性理论进行了分析和检测 ,指出了其与自由民主秩序的内在关联。在深入分析了合法性证明水平的现代性蕴涵及哈耶克的知识观后认为 ,宗教对自由民主秩序的形成及合法性的证明仍有积极的功能和实质的意义 ,自发 (自由民主 )秩序的内在规则的正当性先于交往对话而存在 ,哈贝马斯提出的交往对话的形式条件无法承当合法性证明的重负     

Discourse Ethics and the Legitimacy of Law

Abstract. The reconstructive theory of the procedural legitimacy of modern law developed on the basis of the theory of discourse ethics has limited itself solely to the deontological, moral-normative aspects of the validity claims of legal norms and judgments. However, teleological and axiological aspects are also intertwined with legal validity claims and with the procedures in which legal norms and judgments are produced. The discursive-procedural concept of legitimacy seems to require as its support, instead of the theory of discourse ethics, a general theory of practical discourses or, more generally, of rational collective will-formation.     

Liberal Legitimacy and the Question of Respect

In a modern pluralist society, the idea of liberal legitimacy as proposed by John Rawls offers a promising foundation for the further historic advancement of democracy. However, liberal legitimacy still seems to lack one key element—a unique type of respect at its foundations—without which such democratic advancement may not be achieved. Nor, on closer inspection, could the idea of liberal legitimacy succeed without this particular type of respect. When further refined at its foundation, arguably liberal legitimacy could open doors to previously unattainable improvements in democracy and legitimacy.     

Law in South Africa and the Legitimacy Crisis

South Africa is presently confronting the possibility of a fundamental change in its political structure. In this context it is useful to consider the special character of the South African legal system and its role in the on-going legitimacy crisis in that country. This article attempts to delineate some of the principal dimensions of law and the types of legitimation issues in South Africa. It suggests that students of law and criminal justice have much to learn from the study of the South African case.     

Democratic Legitimacy and the 2000 Election

Law and Philosophy -     

Law in and Legitimacy South Africa

Israel has since 1967 administered the West Bank and Gaza Strip through highly legalistic and strongly repressive military governments. Has advocacy in Israeli courts on behalf of Palestinian residents of the West Bank and Gaza Ship has kgitimaed, and thus helped to perpetuate, ongoing Israeli military occupation of those regions? By examining legitimation in lawyering under lsraeli occupation, insight can be gained into the factors and their relative weights that lawyers facing harsh or repressive regimes must consider in balancing the costs and benefits of litigation to serve a social or political opposition movement. The author concludes that the benefits outweigh the legitimating effects of lawyers’work and that, on balance, Palestinians’election to seek representation in Israeli courts, and lawyers’choice to assist them, has been justified.     

Law's Legitimacy and 'Democracy-Plus'

Is it the case that the law, in order to be fully legitimate,must not only be adopted in a procedurally correct way but mustalso comply with certain substantive values? In the first partof the article I prepare the ground for the discussion of legitimacyof democratic laws by considering the relationship between law’slegitimacy, its justification and the obligation to obey thelaw. If legitimacy of law is seen as based on the law beingjustified (as in Raz’s ‘service conception’),our duty to obey it does not follow automatically: it must bebased on some additional arguments. Raz’s conception oflegitimate authority does not presuppose, as many critics claim,any unduly deferential attitude towards authorities. Disconnectionof the law’s legitimacy from the absolute duty to obeyit leads to the second part of the article which consists ina critical scrutiny of the claim that the democratically adoptedlaw is legitimate only insofar as it expresses the right moralvalues. This claim is shown to be, under one interpretation(‘motivational’), nearly meaningless or, under anotherinterpretation (‘constitutional’), too strong tosurvive the pressure from moral pluralism. While we cannot hopefor a design of ‘pure procedural democracy’ (byanalogy to Rawlsian ‘pure procedural justice’),democratic procedures express the values which animate the adoptionof a democratic system in the first place.     

私力救济的正当性及其限度--一种以社会契约论为核心的解说

本文以社会契约论为核心,从权利保留、国家特许、补偿和放任、底线救济、个人自治、公力救济正当性危机等角度,阐释了私力救济的正当性.而私力救济也只在一定情形下一定限度内具有正当性,其边界为不损害他人合法利益和社会公益.     

反收购措施的合法性检验

对于目前国内上市公司对敌意收购采取的多种事前防御措施,应当分门别类,给予不同的法律评价.我国立法还可以借鉴2004年欧盟通过的"收购指令"中的相关条款,规定"股东大会的事后审查"和"反收购措施的冻结和失效"机制.<上市公司监管条例>(草案)试图从国务院条例的立法高度,要求收购人具有相应的经济实力和良好的诚信记录,赋予中国证监会根据审慎监管原则认定恶意收购的广泛权利,对可能的恶意收购规定证监会的强行检查权和严厉的执法措施,加上<证券法>及相关规章已有的信息披露、部分强制要约和财务顾问制度,确能为防范恶意收购行为提供有效的屏障.在此背景之下,主管机关和法院宜对上市公司采取的反收购措施秉持谨慎限制的立场,方能在收购行为的当事方之间维系精巧的平衡.