Diversity on Campus: A Reassessment of Current Strategies1

The underrepresentation of minorities in higher education evokes a widely shared sense of urgency among educational policymakers. Allan Oster, president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, has described the persistent gap between minority and white participation rates as "[o]ne of the most pressing issues facing higher education today" (American Council on Education, 1988b, p. iv). Eliminating the gap and overcoming the other educational inequalities faced by minorities "is not an option, but a necessity; and the need is not eventual, it is immediate" (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990, p. 14). Failure to take timely and decisive action not only threatens the moral and intellectual integrity of higher education as a whole, but our nation's economic well-being (American Council on Education, 1988b, p. 1). As officials at Smith College so eloquently said, "[i]t is no exaggeration to say that the future of the nation and the future of higher education depend on the ability of the educational establishment to become more inclusive" (Smith College, 1989, preamble).     

Using state polls to forecast U.S. Presidential election outcomes

This paper uses pre-election polls to forecast U.S. Presidential election outcomes in the states and the Electoral College. The approach is notable in three ways. First, we employ state-level polls to predict voting outcomes in the states; second, we associate probabilities with alternative election outcomes, and third, we identify states most likely to be pivotal in the Electoral College. Using information available on the day before the election, we estimated that the probability of a Republican victory in the Electoral College in the 2004 election was 47.27%.     

The Electoral College and the Idea of Federal Democracy

On July 22, 1977, Martin Diamond spent the last morning of hislife moving to Washington, D.C., and testifying before the ConstitutionalSubcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee on the need tomaintain the Electoral College. That testimony, reprinted infull below, lasted approximately 35 minutes; and it representsa lively exchange between Professor Diamond and Senator BirchBayh, the sponsor of a proposed constitutional amendment forthe direct election of the President. Professor Diamond's priorpublication (see below), is a more systematic defense of theElectoral College against six American Bar Association chargesthat the College is "archaic, undemocratic, complex, ambiguous,indirect, and dangerous."     

US Presidential Elections: Two Centuries of Constitutional Continuity and Political Change—With an Analysis of the Political Geography of Barack Obama's Re‐election Campaign

The system for electing the President of the United States remains essentially as it was prescribed in the Federal Constitution drafted in 1787. The individual 50 states (plus the District of Columbia) are accorded a number of votes in the (so‐called) Electoral College; each state's Electoral College vote is then attributed to the candidate gaining a plurality (most) of the popular vote in that state; and the candidate with a majority (50% + 1) of these aggregated Electoral College votes is declared the incoming president. What has changed have been the methods of nominating the candidates, chief of which are the political parties from the nineteenth century with their stage‐managed quadrennial conventions and the primary/caucus campaigns from the twentieth century which precede and now determine the formal nomination. President Obama's 2012 re‐election campaign showed both the crucial importance of the much‐maligned Electoral College in winning the presidency and the demographic divisions hidden in the larger American political landscape.     

大学生思想道德教育之我见

大学生是祖国建设的生力军,是民族的希望和未来。大学生思想道德建设关系着国家的前途和命运。当今大学生主流积极,健康向上,亮点突出,但也存在不可忽视的问题。只有通过树立新理念,探索新内容,改进新方法,才能进一步提升大学生的思想道德素质。     

从非英语专业学生书面输出看大学英语词汇教学

词汇是语言的基础。词汇教学在大学英语教学中占用重要地位。非英语专业学生英语书面输出中常见的词汇错误有拼写错误、词性混用、搭配失误等。而词汇输出质量不高的问题尤其值得关注。大学英语教师和非英语专业学生都要重视词汇教学，而利用词块进行词汇教学是一个好的选择。     

任务型教学在高职院校学生英语写作中的教学浅探

由于招生生源原因,目前高职院校学生英语处于大学生水平中的最低层次,这就导致学生在写作练习中遇到多方面的困难。因此,要结合其实际来选择恰当的学习方式才能有效。那么,任务型教学因其自身特点和内涵,有可能成为高职院校英语写作有效教学的一种具体运用模式。为此,探讨关于高职院校的任务型英语写作教学就显得很有必要。     

Identities of Competitive States in U.S. Presidential Elections: Electoral College Bias or Candidate-Centered Politics?

When discussing the biases of the U.S. Electoral College, researchersconclude that competitive states seem to occur randomly withoutany explanation. This study examines the consistency with whichthe same states have been competitive in presidential electionsfrom 1824 to 2000. It also identifies "spectator" states. Spectatorstates are those that have not been competitive for ten presidentialelections in a row. A statistical analysis illustrates thatthe identities of competitive states have become more unpredictable.In addition, few states have been spectators for long periods.In terms of representation, the facts that competitive statesare not consistent and that there are few spectators mean differentstates are in the presidential spotlight at different times.As opposed to any biases associated with the Electoral College,the changes in consistency coincide with the rise of candidate-centeredpolitics and decreasing voter loyalty to parties. The highlychangeable nature of competitive states strengthens the federalismargument for continuation of the Electoral College.     

Sophisticated and myopic? Citizen preferences for Electoral College reform

Different institutions can produce more (or less) preferred outcomes, in terms of citizens’ preferences. Consequently, citizen preferences over institutions may “inherit”—to use William Riker’s term—the features of preferences over outcomes. But the level of information and understanding required for this effect to be observable seems quite high. In this paper, we investigate whether Riker’s intuition about citizens acting on institutional preferences is borne out by an original empirical dataset collected for this purpose. These data, a survey commissioned specifically for this project, were collected as part of a larger nationally representative sample conducted right before the 2004 election. The results show that support for a reform to split a state’s Electoral College votes proportionally is explained by (1) which candidate one supports, (2) which candidate one thinks is likely to win the election under the existing system of apportionment, (3) preferences for abolishing the Electoral College in favor of the popular vote winner, and (4) statistical interactions between these variables. In baldly political terms, Kerry voters tend to support splitting their state’s Electoral College votes if they felt George W. Bush was likely to win in that state. But Kerry voters who expect Kerry to win their state favor winner-take-all Electoral College rules for their state. In both cases, mutatis mutandis, the reverse is true for Bush voters.     

Positivism,pragmatism, and everyday life

Steven Ross teaches philosophy at Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.     

The relationship between bias and swing ratio in the Electoral College and the outcome of presidential elections

In this paper, I assess how the outcomes of presidential elections are affected by the presence (or lack) of partisan bias in the Electoral College. There have been three instances (1876, 1888 and 2000) since the end of the Civil War where the party that lost the popular vote won the Electoral College. These instances raise the question of whether partisan bias consistently influences presidential election outcomes? I answer this question by first measuring partisan bias and then using these estimates to assess how partisan bias affects a party's odds of winning a presidential election. I find that the presence of partisan bias provides a sizable, but not insurmountable, obstacle for the disadvantaged party.     

Is Sexism for White People? Gender Stereotypes,Race, and the 2016 Presidential Election

Political Behavior - On November 8, 2016 Donald Trump, a man with no office-holding experience, won the Electoral College, defeating the first woman to receive the presidential nomination from a...     

BOOK NOTES

BARRY HUGHES et. al., State of Play 2
Administrative College of Papua New Guinea, Administration for Development, No. 17, July 1981
A. AVASTHI, Central Administration     

继往开来 再铸辉煌——在铁道警官高等专科学校60周年校庆大会上的讲话

铁道警官高等专科学校建校60年来,培育了一大批高素质公安专门人才,为铁路公安工作和公安队伍建设作出了突出贡献。在新的历史时期,铁道警官高等专科学校要以60周年校庆为新的历史起点,紧紧抓住公安院校招录培养体制改革的机遇,不断深化教学和管理机制改革,积极扩大服务面向,不断改善办学条件,积极申办本科教育,进一步拓展办学空间,提升办学层次,增强教学科研水平,真正把学校建设成为公安专门人才培养高地、公安理论研究高地和科学技术创新高地。     

高职院校《思想道德修养与法律基础》课现状及对策研究

根据《思想道德修养与法律基础》课在湖北职业技术学院现状的调查情况,对当前高职院校《思想道德修养与法律基础》课状况从社会环境、学生自身情况以及学校普遍情况进行了全面地分析,并针对存在的问题提出了改善学校的教育环境和加强《基础》课教学等相应的对策和建议。     

On Introducing Proportionality in American Presidential Elections: An Historical Analysis, 1828–2008

It is well known that the President of the United States is elected by the Electoral College and not directly by the population. Every time a candidate who does not win the most popular votes is elected President, detractors of the Electoral College call for its abolishment and supporters extol its undoubtedly merits. This article investigates what would have happened if a solution halfway between both extremes (a direct national election and the current system) had been used in historical Presidential elections; namely, a proportional rule with thresholds to assign electors in each state. This system would generate electoral colleges closer to popular will, reduce the risk of electing a minority president and impose the need of more balanced regional support to be elected, although increasing the risk of a third candidate emerging.     

Why the Electoral College is good for political science (and public choice)

While the Electoral College may not be good for the political system, it is very good for political science (and public choice). This essay documents many of the ways in which this assertion is true.     

Time Exposures

He is the author of many articles on the cultural significance of photography, including “The Photographer as Educator” published in Teachers College Record.     

北部湾经济区的建立对广西高职高专大学英语教学的启示

北部湾经济区的开发，对广西高职高专大学英语教学模式提出了新的挑战。提出“英语＋专业”，是适应北部湾经济发展需要的复合型人才培养模式。     

中外合作院校“90后”大学生思想状况调查分析——以北京青年政治学院泰尔弗商务分院为例

2008年秋,全国各大高校迎来了以"90后"为主体的学生。这一代学生在思想行为上表现出新的特征。依据对中外合作院校北京青年政治学院泰尔弗商务分院所做的调查问卷结果,从这一代学生的思想政治状况、学习状况、生活状态、行为表现、心理状况等方面分析了他们的思想状况。