Laminated safety glass as an intermediate target: a wound ballistic study

Various 9‐mm ammunitions (A1, A4, A5, ST, GS, GSb, P.E.P., SeCa, HP, PTP/s, VM, McVG, DM41, PTP, SX2, PT, and MEN frangible) were tested regarding their velocity, energy, angle of impact, and potential wound channel after penetrating a car window at 30° and 90°. Test materials were gelatine, soap, and pig cadavers. The velocities of the projectiles were between c. 288 and 430 m/ses, the energy spread between 394 and 564 J. Handgun bullets fired through vehicular side window glass lose substantial energy reducing the effectiveness of the ammunition. This effect is greater when fired at an angle of 30° compared to 90°. At a shooting angle of 90°, none of the different projectiles showed remarkable differences considering its wound ballistic features. Accuracy is maintained at a 90° angle but seriously impaired at 30°. None of the examined ammunition complied with the demanded wound channel effectiveness of 30–60 J/cm.     

Behavior of expelled glass fragments during projectile penetration and perforation of glass

Bullets striking common forms of flat glass with an orthogonal intercept angle result in a cloud of ejected glass fragments that are in concert with the exiting bullet's flight path. This is not the case with strikes at angles other than orthogonal. In these situations, the expelled glass fragments follow a very different course from that of the exiting projectile. This is both counterintuitive and a potential source of serious error in the evaluation and reconstruction of a shooting victim's position and orientation at the moment the victim was struck by a bullet that has passed through a nearby source of glass such as a vehicle side window or a window in a building. The flight path of the ejected glass fragments is, however, predictable and is dictated by the orientation of the plane of the glass opposite the projectile's impact site.In all cases, these expelled glass particles have considerable velocity and can produce pseudostippling of the skin in individuals located downrange of bullet-struck glass and near the projectile's exit site. The distribution and location of such pseudostippling and its relationship to the associated bullet hole in glass have important reconstructive value. A proper and reliable reconstruction of the victim's position in such cases will require the integration of scene information with the autopsy findings.     

Mixed effects modelling for glass category estimation from glass refractive indices

520 Glass fragments were taken from 105 glass items. Each item was either a container, a window, or glass from an automobile. Each of these three classes of use are defined as glass categories. Refractive indexes were measured both before, and after a programme of re-annealing. Because the refractive index of each fragment could not in itself be observed before and after re-annealing, a model based approach was used to estimate the change in refractive index for each glass category. It was found that less complex estimation methods would be equivalent to the full model, and were subsequently used. The change in refractive index was then used to calculate a measure of the evidential value for each item belonging to each glass category. The distributions of refractive index change were considered for each glass category, and it was found that, possibly due to small samples, members of the normal family would not adequately model the refractive index changes within two of the use types considered here. Two alternative approaches to modelling the change in refractive index were used, one employed more established kernel density estimates, the other a newer approach called log-concave estimation. Either method when applied to the change in refractive index was found to give good estimates of glass category, however, on all performance metrics kernel density estimates were found to be slightly better than log-concave estimates, although the estimates from log-concave estimation prossessed properties which had some qualitative appeal not encapsulated in the selected measures of performance. These results and implications of these two methods of estimating probability densities for glass refractive indexes are discussed.     

玻璃破碎的物证分析研究

玻璃碎片及形态是案发现场常见的物证形式,开展对玻璃的物证分析研究,能够确定玻璃的来源与种类,推断玻璃破碎原因等,为案件的取证、重建和侦破提供线索和证据。简要介绍了常见玻璃的种类,分析了玻璃破碎的根本原因,总结了低速冲击和高速冲击下玻璃破碎的形态特征,还从玻璃碎片收集和检验两个方面探讨了玻璃实体物证的分析。     

玻璃中痕量金属元素检测方法研究

目的建立玻璃中金属元素的快速检测方法。方法采用高温消解法对样品进行预处理,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪同时对多种金属元素进行检测,同时对方法的精密度和准确度进行了测定。结果采用氢氟酸对样品进行预处理,各元素同时测定的发射光谱图相互无干扰。在所设定的条件下,各种元素的回收率均〉75％,相对标准偏差均〈10％。结论玻璃中金属元素可以通过高温消解进行预处理,应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪同时进行检测。     

The identification of toughened glass by annealing

An annealing routine was devised that produced RI changes in various glasses. When applied to 40 window, 20 non-window and 25 toughened windscreen glasses the toughened material could be distinguished from the other types. This procedure could improve the evidential value of glass for ‘hit and run’ accidents.     

论医疗安全

本文所论述的医疗安全，即指医疗机构、医务人员和患者三方之间形成合法、有序、良性、健康的运作体系，以保障医疗行为价值实现的最终目的。在本文中，医疗安全是一个由医疗机构、医务人员和患者三方组成的体系，医疗行为通过综合管理达到安全平衡的运作机制。在法理上研究这三者间的互动关系是在私法的范围内讨论的。当然，这种安全体系遭到破坏时并不排除卫生行政部门和相应司法救济等公法领域相应机制的介入。需要说明的是，本文的目的是将医疗安全放在社会整体背景下，以医疗与秩序、安全、效率、发展诸基点间的互动，揭示医疗—社会关系的本质。     

玻璃折射率数据处理方法初探

目的探讨玻璃折射率数据处理方法。方法将案件中收集到的45个玻璃样品和同一个车灯不同部位的45块玻璃样品进行折射率测定。用独立样本Student’st检验、welch检验以及方差分析（ANOVA）对数据进行成对检验。结果方差分析法中Dunnett’s C法处理玻璃折射率数据,有效控制了第一类和第二类错误。当α=0．05时,犯第一类错误的概率约为4．44％,犯第二类错误的概率约为3．54％。     

论医疗安全

本文所论述的医疗安全 ,即指医疗机构、医务人员和患者三方之间形成合法、有序、良性、健康的运作体系 ,以保障医疗行为价值实现的最终目的。在本文中 ,医疗安全是一个由医疗机构、医务人员和患者三方组成的体系 ,医疗行为通过综合管理达到安全平衡的运作机制。在法理上研究这三者间的互动关系是在私法的范围内讨论的。当然 ,这种安全体系遭到破坏时并不排除卫生行政部门和相应司法救济等公法领域相应机制的介入。需要说明的是 ,本文的目的是将医疗安全放在社会整体背景下 ,以医疗与秩序、安全、效率、发展诸基点间的互动 ,揭示医疗—社会关系的本质。     

透析婚检

针对目前刑事诉讼实践中存在的问题 ,提出改革、完善我国律师刑事辩护制度的基本理念和若干建议     

Physical match of fragmented bullets

The technique of physical match, which is widely used with materials such as plastic and glass, is applied to fragmented bullets for determination of common origin. The more conventional method, of tool marks comparison, is later used to connect the bullet with a firearm.     

The effect of tempered glass on bullet trajectory

It was determined that tempered glass automobile windows may severely influence the trajectory of .38 Special projectiles. In replicating an actual case situation, deflections as great as 26.4 degrees were observed with jacketed hollow-point ammunition, and as high as 10.8 degrees for lead ammunition.