减刑制度中引进听证程序的几点法理思考

减刑制度相对于其他刑罚制度，实践应用最广。在对罪犯的惩罚改造过程中，绝大多数服刑犯罪人都可能受益于这项制度。它体现着我国刑罚执行制度中惩罚与改造相结合、教育与劳动相结合的原则，效益性原则。刑罚执行的人道主义和个别化，有利于对服刑犯罪人的有益改造。减刑的公平、公正与否，也直接关系到我国刑罚目的和刑罚执行功能的实现。我国现行的刑事立法和相关的司法解释，虽然对减刑都作出了相关的规定，然而，在制度设计上比较宽泛和粗糙，亟待进一步完善，以使其适应我国新时代的法治要求，促进我国法制的发展。本文主要围绕监狱管理机关在刑罚执行中对减刑制度引进听证程序进行法理分析，完善制度缺陷，实现公平、正义，构建法治的和谐社会。     

超期羁押刑事赔偿的若干问题

超期羁押是一种严重侵犯公民人身自由权的违法行为 ,对于被超期羁押者应当贯彻全面的国家赔偿原则 ,不以犯罪嫌疑人、被告人最终是否被判处“无罪”为条件。一个人即使最终被判有罪 ,判决前如果存在超期羁押的情形 ,那么也应进行相应的经济补偿。我国的国家赔偿应当实现“无过错”责任原则和“违法”责任原则的结合 ,对被超期羁押者予以全面的经济上的救济。当然 ,这在目前中国还存在严重的制度和观念上的障碍。     

论法律文书歧义句的负面影响、成因及消解

歧义句是指其意义存在两种或两种以上理解的句子。法律文书歧义句影响办案的效率,增加司法机关办案负担,损害有关当事人的利益。法律文书语言歧义句是由于词语的多义性、词义范围过大、结构多样性、语序不当、标点符号使用不当、施受关系不明和指代不明等原因造成的。法律文书歧义句可采用选用单义词语、追加语境,运用限制、标点符号、明确施受关系和指代对象等方法消解。     

刑事和解的成本收益分析——以"经济人"预设为理论前提

刑事纠纷中的双方和国家都可以被视为经济人,根据经济学的成本收益理论,对于重视获得补偿的被害人和有支付能力的加害人,从和解中获得的利益要大于从正规诉讼程序中获得的利益。从立法、司法和刑事法目的实现的角度,国家扩大刑事和解范围,对其进行法律规制也是实现收益最大化的明智的选择。     

The Czech transition banking sector instability: the role of operational cost management

In this article we show—using the estimated cost efficiency of banks—that besides the risk (proxied by the share of non-performing loans), the quality of operational cost management was an equally important determinant of bank failure risk during the decade of banking sector transformation in the Czech Republic.

What does cost-benefit analysis add to decision making? Evidence from the criminal justice literature

This paper asks whether undertaking a cost-benefit analysis provides additional information to policy makers as compared to an analysis solely of the effect of an intervention. A literature review identified 106 evaluations of criminal justice interventions that reported both an effect size and measures of net benefit. Data on net benefit and effect size were extracted from these studies. We found that effect size is only weakly related to net benefits. The rank order of net benefits and effect size are minimally correlated. Furthermore, we found that the two analytic methods would yield opposing policy recommendations for more than one in four interventions. These bi-variate findings are supported by the results of multivariate models. However, further research is needed to verify the accuracy of the standard errors on net benefit estimates, so these models must be interpreted with caution.

论经济法的理论基础

任何法部门都要有理论基础。经济法理论基础应当以讲求法意理论、突出经济法特征和承认其他部门法理论基础为立论之本,并从经济法价值层面推衍出来。以往学界关于经济法理论基础的研究还没能够符合这些条件,故诸说成立的根据不充分;而民商法、行政法、社会法等理论基础对于从经济法价值层面推衍的"整体经济效益"的价值取向及覆盖的法内容,又无力支撑。于是,寻找经济法自身的根本理论支撑就十分关键了。笔者研究发现,经济法为了实现"整体经济效益"的价值取向,必须不断解决个体性经营无序带来的"整体"损害问题,于是,经济法配置的整体性经济权应当是限定个体性经营权的职权。笔者将这一理论称为"限权论"并定位为经济法理论基础。这一理论也是在与民商法的"保权论"、行政法的"控权论"、社会法的"扶权论"等理论基础的界分和协调中形成的。     

Banks and the Communities They Serve: Time to Legislate?

In March 2007 HM Treasury published its latest thoughts on Financial Inclusion (HM Treasury Financial inclusion: The way forward, 2007), highlighting that after 10 years of activity in this area there is still growing evidence that the market is not meeting everyone’s needs, with significant numbers of people not able to access basic financial services such as credit. This continues alongside media stories of further bank branch closures in some areas, branches for high income earners only in others and the continuing controversy surrounding charges. This article will, with reference to the UK government’s financial inclusion agenda assess whether the time has come to implement legislation mandating that UK credit institutions have regard to customers needs when making decisions that could affect those most at risk from restricted access to financial services. These needs can include both access to affordable credit and access to financial services, such as bank accounts. The paper will use as a comparator the much talked about United States Community Reinvestment Act, enacted in 1977 and since amended, hailed (Barr New York University Law Review 80:513, 2005) and criticised (Macey and Miller Virginia Law Review 78:291, 1993) in equal measures, designed to ensure that depository institutions meet the credit needs of the communities they serve, particularly low and moderate income areas. Although not designed to tackle the perceived problems identified by the UK government, would enactment of similar legislation do more to achieve these aims that the activities undertaken so far. The article proposes that one way in which to improve the fight against financial exclusion is to improve the disclosure requirements of financial institutions, forcing them, where necessary, to provide data on lending patterns in disadvantaged areas.

Closing Off Opportunities for Crime: An Evaluation of Alley-Gating

A new situational crime prevention measure recently introduced into Great Britain involves the fitting of gates to alleyways running along the back of terraced properties to restrict access to local residents and reduce opportunities for offenders. A number of quantitative techniques were used to assess the success of the intervention in reducing burglary in the City of Liverpool. The results demonstrate that, relative to a suitable comparison area, burglary was reduced by approximately 37%, there was a diffusion of benefit to properties in the surrounding areas, and the scheme was cost beneficial with a saving of £1.86 for every pound spent. The analyses provide persuasive evidence that these reductions were attributable to the intervention. We argue that the methodological techniques demonstrated here can be applied more widely to crime prevention evaluations.     

基于农民权益保护的社区发展权理论研究

农民权益伴随着社会变迁而发展。在主体多元化、社会关系与社会利益交叠冲突的现代社会,农民权益不能仅通过个人选择还必须通过不同组织进行集体选择的方法来实现。农民权益保护要以动态发展的视野,在以农民为中心的主体发展权与以土地为主的客体发展权的立体构建维度中,以农村社区发展权为实践的时空载体,提出基于主客体和谐发展的社区发展权理论,从而寻求农民权益更新、更高层次的保护。     

论侦查效益的概念

侦查效益反映的是侦查收益和侦查成本之间复杂的动态关系,而侦查成本是投入侦查的基本资源,有侦查的经济成本和侦查的权力成本之分;侦查收益是侦查的物质性收益和侦查的非物质性收益的统一。     

专利制度的效率分析

从经济学角度分析,每一部法律制度均有其自身的事前效率目标和事后效率目标,并力求实现二者之间的均衡.专利制度的事前效率目标是实现对创新的最优激励,事后效率目标是达到价值最大化的使用,它通过创设一种具有排他性和可转让性的权利机制,旨在实现激励创新的事前效率和推广使用的事后效率之间的均衡.     

论政府法制管理创新

政府法制管理是一个新的政府管理模式,它包括政府的法制化和政府依法实行管理两大方面。政府法制管理创新是实现政府法制管理和政府科学管理的有效整合,以形成一个科学、合理、高效、协调的法制政府系统。政府法制管理创新不仅会提高政府管理工作的效率,而且会促进社会发展的长期的整体的效益。实现政府法制管理创新必须解决好政府官员及专家与人民群众的素质整合、政府法制管理与执政党领导的整合、政府权力与公民权利的整合、政府管理效率与社会效益的整合等问题。     

Yoga and restorative justice in prison: An experience of “response‐ability to harms”

Divisions within the contemporary restorative justice movement in the US often manifest in one state‐supported model: balanced and restorative justice (BARJ). Paul McCold, in this symposium frames the problem with BARJ as one of a corruption of restorative justice principles by its foundation in community justice. This article suggests that BARJ and McCold’s critique share a neglect of the transformative potential of restorative justice for realizing social and economic justice. Moreover, recent experience indicates that BARJ policy planning can take place in a way supportive of Social Equity Restorative Justice (SERJ). The time appears opportune for some peacemaking within the movement.     

Counting the cost of crime in Italy

We gauge the cost of crime in Italy by concentrating on a subset of offences covering about 64% of total recorded crimes in the year 2006. Following the breakdown of costs put forward by Brand and Price, we focus on the costs in anticipation, as a consequence, and in response to a specific offence. The estimated total social cost is more than €38 billion, which amounts to about 2.6% of Italy's GDP. To show the usefulness of these measures, we borrow the elasticity estimates from recent studies concerning the determinants of crime in Italy and calculate the cost associated with the surge in crime fuelled by unemployment and pardons. Indeed, in both cases such costs are substantial, implying that they should no longer be skipped when assessing the relative desirability of public policies towards crime.