X射线荧光光谱法检测玻璃中的常量和微量元素

应用X射线荧光光谱法对常见玻璃物证进行了实验研究,在样品量为mg级时,不但检出Si、Ca等主体元素,还能检出As、Zr、Sr等微量元素.用该方法既可对玻璃的种类进行鉴别,还可对某些种类的玻璃做进一步的区分.     

ENERGY LAW IN SUPPORT OF THE LOW-CARBON TRANSITION: LESSONS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM AND CHINA

Law is an important tool for national governments to promote the transition to a low carbon energy sector. However, law is the servant of national politics and policies and is embedded in a wider institutional environment, both nationally and internationally. This comparative analysis of the United Kingdom (UK) and China shows that, although national law plays a role in supporting the transition to a low-carbon energy system, the nature of the law and the role it plays depends greatly on the wider institutional environment. The UK is a parliamentary democracy and a liberal market economy. Therefore, the laws passed by the legislature form a critical part of the framework for the low-carbon transition. In contrast, the authority of the executive in China allows the executive to govern the energy sector through decrees and regulations, and diminishes the role of law passed by the legislature. Energy law and policy in both the UK and China are formulated in the light of the prevailing energy policy paradigm: the market-oriented regulatory state paradigm in the UK and a state-centered paradigm in China. Together, these differences explain the contrasting experiences in promoting the low-carbon transition, in general, and the deployment of renewable energy in particular.     

电流斑的光镜和扫描电镜观察以及能谱测定

为了找出电流斑在扫描电镜下的特征性改变,作者用扫描电镜和能谱测定,配合光镜观察,对电击死者的22个皮肤电流斑和尸体上造成的18个皮肤电流斑和金属灼伤,进行了对比观察。结果表明,光镜下电流斑的形态改变与过去学者所述基本一致。非典型的电流斑难与热灼伤相鉴别。扫描电镜下电流斑的形态特征为:(1)损伤底部和壁上可见散在的小孔穴,直径为30～100μm,深浅不一,边缘不规则;(2)损伤组织表面大量细胞碎屑和颗粒;(3)组织和脱落细胞表面有裂纹;(4)损伤区内有散在的异物颗粒沉积,其形态为球形、方形或不规则形,电子密度较大。作者认为这些改变是电流作用造成,热灼伤不具备这些改变,故在扫描电镜下极易区别电流斑和热灼伤。所有电流斑均可测出与导体化学组成相同的金属元素。作者提出,扫描电镜下的上述形态改变和能谱测定结果可以作为诊断电流斑的依据。