论俄罗斯新制度安排及其特点

现阶段,俄罗斯基本上完成了大规模的制度变迁,正在努力构建一种与俄罗斯本土价值观念相适应的制度安排。这种制度安排的基本特点体现在“可控的民主”与“可控的市场”,它们被认为是俄罗斯“可控式”制度安排的主要内容。这一制度安排的产生基于以下社会背景：第一,叶利钦时期所推行的“自由式”的制度安排,被俄罗斯转型10多年的实践证明在俄罗斯行不通；第二,普京治理国家的理念及普京政府的政策措施的推动；第三,“可控式”制度安排是俄罗斯民族价值观的体现,并成为俄罗斯经济增长及其未来崛起的一个重要推动因素。在这种推断的基础上,本文对俄罗斯“可控式”制度安排及其主要内容和具体表现,以及它对于拉动俄罗斯经济增长、促进俄罗斯崛起的作用进行了分析,试图给出一个结论：俄经济发展将有可能沿着具有俄罗斯特征的“可控式”制度安排的方向演进。     

The Institutional Design of Referendums: Bottom‐Up and Binding

Democratic theorists generally ignore that the institutional design of popular vote processes varies in important ways. However, these differences in design influence the kind of role that these processes play in and their impact on democratic systems. We intend to remedy this situation by launching a normative discussion about the institutional design of popular vote processes in the Debate “Do Referendums Enhance or Threaten Democracy?” In this introductory essay, we first insist on the necessity to adopt a differentiated conception of popular vote processes. We then highlight some aspects of our normative approach to the institutional design of popular vote processes. We finally argue that referendum processes can positively contribute to democratic systems when they are 1) launched bottom‐up and 2) legally binding.     

Institutional exclusion as a destabilizing factor: the mass unrest of 1 July 2008 in Mongolia

The paper discusses the 1 July 2008 mass protest in Mongolia. This event has no precedent in Mongolian history and represents a challenge for the social sciences as neither scholars nor political leaders predicted or even admitted its eventuality. Several forms of exclusion – economic, social and institutional – are considered as its potential source. It is argued that the theory of institutional exclusion allows making better sense of the situation. Institutional exclusion means the alienation of ordinary people from government and their inability to rely on the law and official procedures when being engaged in everyday activities. Two sources of primary data inform the analysis: a series of structured interviews with the protesters (N?=?20) and a collection of visual records made during the unrest (N?=?244). The data were processed using methods of both qualitative and quantitative content analysis.     

Argentina: Up a Blind Alley Once Again

This article attempts to respond to a simple question: What are the factors which caused the December crisis and whether or not they have been defused since president Duhalde came to power? The answer, by contrast, does not appear to be so straightforward. After analyzing a broad range of causes, some of which were thought of as harbingers of democratic breakdown and some which are considered driving forces of the current instability, this article points out two combined causes in the Argentinean crisis: the fragmentation of the politico–institutional system and the extreme dependency of its economy on foreign credit. Given the fact that both reasons cannot be fully understood simply in terms of historical precedent, the article also looks at what is new in this case.     

制度变革与政策选择——基于国际公共资源分配问题的理论分析

近年来,大量出现的国际组织及其相关协议在国际舞台上发挥着越来越重要的作用。国家作为国际社会的主要组成部分,其与国际制度的关系问题引起了广泛关注。国际制度种类繁多,其对国家对外政策的影响方式也多种多样。文章认为,国际制度关于分配结构的变革影响了国家的政策选择。分配结构可以分为追求效率的市场型分配结构和公平优先的权威型分配结构。市场型的分配结构决定了国家可以根据自身的能力和偏好最大程度地获取权力与资源的收益,权威型的分配结构则通过国际组织和国际机制等政治权威对权力与资源进行直接或间接的控制和调节。在给定的国家偏好下,制度分配结构的变革改变了国家的收益,进而决定了国家行为体不同的政策选择。     

Domestic relations in Brazil: legacies and horizons

Grounded in literature review and an ethnographic study, this article examines contemporary Brazilian domestic life. Relations among women (employers and maids) and between women and men are analyzed with a focus on the home as a space in which gender, race, and class inequalities are constantly reproduced. The article argues that what happens in domestic life is constitutive of wider social divisions and that the domestic is a universe integral to the national social context. A case in point is the connection between the widespread use of paid domestic labor and the naturalization of black women as subservient, complementing the pairing of whiteness and class entitlement. Another case is the buffering role of maids in the development of gender conflicts in well-off homes, thus blurring gender hierarchies at a broader scale. Locating the domestic within the recent discussion on global domestic labor, the article compares particularities of Brazilian domestic life to those elsewhere.     

中国东南亚研究现状:制度化阐释

本文认为,制度性因素对于中国的国际问题研究起到了决定性作用。而政府需求、中国与东盟的相互依赖以及大众传媒在中国的兴起则是影响中国东南亚研究的三个主要因素。这些因素提升了东南亚研究在中国的地位,促使东南亚研究以经济与政治(包括安全)为重点领域。但是另一方面,这三个因素却使中国的东南亚研究面临着学术贡献与政府需求、学术贡献与大众需求之间的艰难平衡,并有可能使中国的东南亚研究将自身置于满足政府和大众短期需求、损害长期能力建设的困境之中。因此,本文认为需要从机制的角度来考虑如何矫正中国东南亚研究中的建设与发展问题。     

Horizontal Accountability in Transitional Democracies: The Human Rights Ombudsman in El Salvador and Guatemala

Postwar El Salvador and Guatemala have undertaken to reform and democratize the state and to support the rule of law. Each country entered the 1990s hobbled by a legacy of authoritarian rule, while a corrupt and politicized judiciary offered virtually no check on the abuse of power. Because the judiciary has performed poorly as an institution of horizontal accountability, this article examines the performance of a new "accountability agency," the Human Rights Ombudsman. The article discusses the context in which the office was established and developed in each country, perceptions of its performance, and political responses as the office began to perform its function of holding public officials accountable in their exercise of power. Unfortunately, this new office may fall prey to the same weaknesses that have plagued older institutions in both countries.     

Controlling the Police in Buenos Aires: A Case Study of Horizontal and Social Accountability

The article analyses the interaction between various forms of accountability on the basis of a case study of responses to the Federal Police of Argentina's practice of framing innocent victims. The failure of classic agencies of balance to establish accountability was compensated in this case by the creation of an ad hoc agency of oversight, an investigative commission established by the Attorney General, that interacted with social agents of accountability. The analysis points to the ambivalent role of the media in both supporting and exposing illegal police practices and shows that the cooperation between the commission and social actors was crucial to its success.     

Newspaper Reporting and Changing Perceptions of Ministerial Accountability in Australia

Throughout the developed world, there is a general perception that politicians are more corrupt than they used to be. In Australia these claims appear to be supported in recent decades by far more calls for ministers to resign. In this article we argue that the perception of declining quality in our federal government ministers is the result of much greater media attention, the rise of new controversial cross‐cutting issues and changing cultural attitudes rather than declining parliamentary and ministerial standards. We argue that the belief that politicians are more corrupt or less trustworthy than they used to be has arisen because they are now much more comprehensively reported upon; and we suggest that ministerial accountability might have been enhanced by more extensive media coverage.     

Unworthy of Grief: Enduring Urban Violence in Northeast Brazil

Pervasive urban violence has taken its toll on daily life in the northern part of Recife. Taking an ethnographic approach, and tracing recent developments of violent crime and homicide in Recife, this article explores the implications of the normalisation of violence. By thinking through how residents tried to protect themselves and endure the violence in practical and moral terms, the article seeks to elucidate why some members of the community – victims of violent crime and their mothers – were not deemed worthy of grief.     

Federalism and Governability in Brazil: Oil Royalties in Dispute

This article discusses the relationship between governability and federalism in Brazil, analysing the dispute among Brazilian states for oil royalties. This conflict features an unusual pattern in federal legislative voting, leading to regional alignment, rather than the usual party political configuration. This study explains the phenomenon by showing how this organisation makes it possible to align the preferences of national party leaders, regional party leaders, parliamentarians, and each state's voters. The political influence of governors and mayors is also underlined, and the Union's role in the process is described in detail.     

中国企业开拓印度市场的机遇与挑战

印度众多的人口造就了一个巨大的潜在市场。 2 0世纪 90年代开始的经济改革加速了印度经济的发展 ,使潜在市场逐渐变成现实市场。随着印度经济改革的深入、中印关系的改善和中印成为世界贸易组织成员 ,印度市场为中国企业提供了许多重要的机遇。但繁琐而漫长的审批过程和实行严厉的反倾销措施等不利条件又给中国企业开拓印度市场提出了严峻的挑战。中国企业应该抓住机遇 ,应对挑战 ,积极开拓印度市场。     

The Colour Problem in Britain as it Affects Africa and the Commonweath

The following address by the Director of the Institute of RaceRelations at Chatham House was given at a joint meeting of theRoyal African Society and the Commonwealth Society on February5, 1959. The chairman was Mr. H. V. Hodson, Editor of The SundayTimes.