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1.
Crisis center staff help form the frontline in the fight against domestic violence. Therefore, it is important that we understand
any biases they may have when addressing cases of same-sex domestic violence. In this study, 120 crisis center staff members
were given a vignette depicting a domestic dispute and asked to complete a questionnaire about their perceptions of the incident
and the parties involved. We manipulated the sex of the perpetrator and victim. All other aspects of the vignette remained
consistent. Because gay and lesbian relationships are often perceived as less serious than heterosexual relationships, we
hypothesized that participants would perceive same-sex domestic violence as such. Consistent with this hypothesis, participants
rated same-sex domestic violence scenarios as less serious than opposite-sex domestic violence and as less likely to get worse
over time. 相似文献
2.
The paper examines the impact of distributive justice and procedural justice variables on judgments in seven countries (Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Spain, and the United States). Subjects were presented with each of two experimental vignettes: one in which the actor unsuccessfully appeals being fired from his job and one in which the actor unsuccessfully goes to an employment agency to seek a job; they were asked to rate the justness of the outcome and how fairly the actor had been treated. The vignettes manipulated deservingness and need of the actor (distributive justice factors) and impartiality and voice in the hearing (procedural justice factors). Four hypotheses were tested: first, a distributive justice hypothesis that deservingness would be more important than need in these settings; second, a procedural justice hypothesis that the importance of voice and impartiality vary depending on the nature of the encounter and the forum in which it is resolved; third, because of their recent socialist experience, Central and Eastern European respondents make greater use of need information and less use of deservingness information than Western respondents; and fourth, that distributive justice and procedural justice factors interact. The distributive justice hypothesis is supported in both vignettes. The procedural justice hypothesis receives some support. Impartiality is more important in the first vignette and voice is more important in the second vignette. The interaction hypothesis was not supported in the first vignette, but does receive some support in the second vignette. The cultural hypothesis is not supported in either vignette. The implications for distributive and procedural justice research are discussed. 相似文献
3.
To date, very little research has tackled whether pedophilic men’s attitude towards adult–child sex depends on characteristics of the adult or the child involved in such acts. This study examines the effect of the child’s gender (male vs. female) and physical maturity (pre-pubescent vs. early pubescent) on the moral evaluation of apparently noncoercive adult–child sex in a 2?×?2 factorial online vignette experiment. One hundred eighty-three English-speaking pedophilic men rated their agreement with moral arguments on the Immoral Sex Scale, as well as whether they believed this behavior to be typical for a child. The results revealed considerable inter-individual differences, with about one third showing restrictive moral attitudes. Contrary to our expectations, gender and physical maturity neither affected the perceived morality of the sexual act, nor beliefs about the representativeness of the child’s behavior. However, when controlling for confounds, pedophilic men believed that boys were more likely to willingly engage in adult–child sex. Furthermore, participants with stronger liberal attitudes were found to be more likely to defend the sexual act, as were participants with a preferential interest in pre-pubescents. There was no link between attitudes towards adult–child sex and sexual offending, replicating the non-associations reported in previous community surveys. 相似文献
4.
A sample of 276 professionals described how they spend their professional time, their attitudes and knowledge about etiology and treatment of sexual abuse. Professionals were also asked to respond to a case vignette where varied on two dimensions: age of the child victim and relationship of the offender to the victim. Agencies receiving the questionnaire were randomly assigned to one of the six possible scenario conditions resulting from the two dimensions. 相似文献
5.
This study examined the pharmacological and psychological effects of alcohol on women’s recognition of and response to dating
sexual aggression. Female participants completed measures of prior sexual victimization experiences, sex related alcohol expectancies,
general alcohol expectancies, and drinking habits. Using a 2 (alcohol) × 2 (expectancy) balanced placebo research design,
women were exposed to an audiotape date rape vignette and asked to press a button when the man’s sexual advances had gone
to far. Upon pressing the button, the tape was stopped and participants were instructed to imagine themselves in the same
situation and generate a response describing what they would say and/or do at that point. Results indicated that although
alcohol and expectancy were not related to risk perception, individuals who consumed alcohol displayed significantly less
resistant role play refusals. A significant interaction between expectancy set and pre-existing sex-related alcohol expectancies
was observed indicating participants believing alcohol affects sexual behavior generated less resistant refusal responses
when they expected to receive alcohol. Moreover, for those who expected to receive alcohol, stronger pre-existing sex-related
alcohol expectancies predicted less resistant refusal responses over above the effects of blood alcohol level and general
alcohol expectancies. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Research has shown that college women are at considerable risk for sexual assault by dating partners, and studies have shown early detection of threat risk cues is an important factor in rape avoidance. This study examined how men and women process sexual encounters in a date rape situation and how they differ in interpretation of cues and response decision-making using Crick and Dodge’s (1994) model of social information processing (SIP). Participants listened to an audio vignette depicting a female resisting sexual contact as the male continues to make sexual advances. The vignette was paused at a point in which there is ambiguity concerning the sexual intentions of the actors, and multiple choice/forced answer questions reflecting five stages in social information processing (causal and intent interpretation, goal clarification, response decision, response efficacy, and response evaluation) were administered. Analyses revealed males and females significantly differed in all SIP stages, and emotional reaction was a significant predictor of response decision. Implications of the findings were discussed. 相似文献
7.
ObjectivesTyler’s theory of legitimacy identified procedural justice and distributive justice as antecedents of legitimacy, but placed distributive justice in a relatively minor position compared with procedural justice. This has led to researchers paying less attention to distributive justice in the development of theory, despite consistent findings that distributive justice is important to a number of outcomes for criminal justice authorities. This report uses uncertainty management theory to revisit Tyler’s legitimacy model and gain a more nuanced understanding of distributive justice. MethodsThe proposed model is tested using a series of latent variable analyses conducted on a sample of 2169 adults and a factorial vignette design. The vignette design randomly manipulates outcome favorability and officer behavior during a hypothetical traffic stop. Multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) models are then utilized to test the impact of these manipulations on perceptions of procedural justice and distributive justice. This is followed by a structural equation model that tests the relationships between procedural justice, distributive justice, and legitimacy. ResultsOfficer behavior is a primary predictor of both procedural justice and distributive justice. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that distributive justice judgments are shaped by perceptions of procedural justice. Accordingly, distributive justice mediates the relationship between procedural justice and legitimacy. ConclusionsDistributive justice should not be treated as a competing explanation for legitimacy evaluations, but as a concept that contextualizes why procedural justice is important. 相似文献
8.
An unexplored explanation for police opinion about their use of unnecessary force can be framed within the research examining
police behavior in the context of its geographic location. Using Klinger’s ( 1997) theory of social ecology as a guide, a vignette research design was employed to survey officers in four departments of varying
size and structure. It was hypothesized that officers assigned to higher crime areas would more likely accept the use of unnecessary
force by another officer as well as be unlikely to believe that the use of unnecessary force would be reported to a supervisor.
Bivariate results and multivariate analyses show support for both hypotheses. Implications for future research and theoretical
development are discussed. 相似文献
9.
The evidence that police arrest suspects who display a disrespectful demeanor is mixed. One explanation for these equivocal results may be triggered displaced aggression theory. This theory suggests persons who are provoked to anger internalize their aggression and unleash it later on someone or something that further agitates them. A sample of officers was primed for either a positive or negative affect, presented with a domestic disturbance vignette, and asked to rate their likelihood of making an arrest. In one vignette version the suspect displayed a hostile demeanor and in the other the suspect’s demeanor was neutral. Officers who were negatively primed and encountered the hostile demeanor suspect were most likely to arrest compared to officer in the other conditions. 相似文献
10.
Several studies consistently demonstrated a positive-negative asymmetry in social discrimination. In line with classical minimal group experiments, laboratory groups favored their in-group when allocating positive resources or evaluating positive dimensions. However, they refrained from discriminating behavior as soon as negative resources had to be distributed between groups. We propose that this is due to valence-specific differences in the consideration and perception of social justice. Several studies tested whether social norms inhibiting in-group favoritism and out-group derogation are differently interpreted or weighed due to the valence of resources. Consequently, a survey of these studies is given and their implications for classical theories on intergroup behavior and future research on social discrimination are discussed. 相似文献
11.
This study examined the extent to which children believe that truth telling is compromised by negative outcome expectancies.
It also investigated the efficacy of two types of appeals, externally and internally directed, for encouraging truth telling.
Seventy-two children from three age groups (5, 7, and 10 years of age) participated in a vignette study designed to examine
these issues. Results showed that children believed that truth telling about an adult's transgression would be more likely
if negative outcomes were not expected than if they were expected. Further, children believed that either externally or internally
focused encouragement would facilitate truth telling when negative outcomes were expected for truth telling. Beliefs about
the propensity for truth telling were associated more with positive evaluations of truth telling than with negative evaluations
of lying. These results have important implications for court cases in which children testify about an adult who has sworn
them to secrecy and they are afraid to speak the truth. 相似文献
12.
Instances of excessive force by police officers, most notably the Rodney King incident in Los Angeles and the Malice Green
fatality in Detroit, suggest that the race of the suspect may influence the decision to use excessive force. If police practices
are simply a reflection of the expectations of larger society, then it follows that citizens' evaluations of police brutality
toward minorities might reflect this sentiment. As part of a larger study focusing on the exploration of police misconduct,
a telephone survey containing 16 vignettes was developed, each vignette described a separate type of misconduct in which a
hypothetical officer was involved. Of these 16 vignettes, 3 described the misconduct of excessive force and are analyzed for
the present study. A random sample of 992 Ohio citizens were surveyed. The hypothesis that citizens in general assign significantly
lower seriousness scores to excessive force on African Americans and Hispanics than on whites was tested. Our hypothesis was
not supported. Instead, we found evidence to suggest that the behavior of the suspect during the arrest and the behavior of
the police officer are much more significant correlates of citizens' perceptions of police use of excessive force than is
the race of the suspect. 相似文献
13.
Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) are intended to support patients' treatment decisions during a crisis. However, PAD
statutes give clinicians broad discretion over whether to carry out patients' advance instructions. This study uses data from
a survey of psychiatrists ( N=164) to examine reasons for overriding PADs. In response to a hypothetical vignette, 47% of psychiatrists indicated that
they would override a valid, competently-executed PAD that refused hospitalization and medication. PAD override was more likely
among psychiatrists who worked in hospital emergency departments; those who were concerned about patients' violence risk and
lack of insight; and those who were legally defensive. PAD override was less likely among participants who believed that involuntary treatment is largely unnecessary in a high-quality mental health
system. 相似文献
14.
The present study examined whether and which facets of emotion dysregulation serve an intervening role in the association between prior victimization and risk perception in an analogue sexual assault vignette. Participants were 714 university women who completed self-report measures of sexual victimization, emotion dysregulation, and a computer-administered written vignette of a college party scene that culminates in acquaintance rape. Approximately 42% of the sample reported lifetime sexual victimization during childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. Two individual aspects of emotion dysregulation, limited access to emotion regulation strategies and impulse control difficulties, mediated the association between lifetime victimization and leaving the scenario later. Findings suggest the importance of emotion dysregulation in predicting risk perception among victims and of improving victims' emotion regulation skills in revictimization risk reduction interventions. 相似文献
15.
Existing research suggests that juries are more likely to condemn murderers to death when offenders are black victims are
white. It remains to be seen, however, whether these decisions reflect broader racial prejudices in society that are imported
into the jury room. If they do, then insuring equity in capital sentencing may be beyond reach. Accordingly, this study uses
factorial design methodology to examine whether members of the general public are more supportive of capital punishment when
asked to rate a vignette describing a murder involving a white victim and black offender as opposed to other victim-offender
racial combinations. Our analyses suggest that the race of the offender, but not the victim, has a significant influence on
support for capital punishment. Thus, procedural safeguards alone may be unable to eliminate racial bias in capital sentencing. 相似文献
16.
Recent studies have challenged traditional wisdom regarding public apathy about white-collar crime by revealing equal or greater perceived seriousness of these offenses among respondents relative to traditional crime. Nevertheless, subjects in those studies were generally asked to contrast white-collar crime scenarios with a non-violent street crime baseline vignette. Perhaps a violent street crime would have invited lower perceived seriousness for the white-collar offenses. Participants in the present study were asked to (1) read vignettes describing violent street crimes and physically harmful white-collar crimes, (2) compare their seriousness, and (3) determine appropriate sanctions. Subjects perceived the violent crime scenarios presented to them to be more serious than the harmful white-collar crime vignettes. Further, they were less punitive toward white-collar offenders compared with street criminals. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
17.
General strain theory suggests that a number of conditioning factors affect who is more likely to respond to strain with crime. This study introduces a previously neglected conditioning variable from the social psychology literature, self-complexity (SC). SC refers to (1) the number of identities individuals perceive as important to themselves; and (2) the varied characteristics they ascribe to these identities. The central argument of this study is that those who are lower in SC, or those with fewer identities and more overlap among these identities, should be more susceptible to the negative emotional and behavioral effects of strain. This assertion was tested through a vignette study of undergraduates. Results indicate that those who are lower in SC are more likely to intend to assault another person and drink heavily than those who are higher in SC. The findings suggest that SC should be included among traditional conditioning variables explicated in GST. 相似文献
18.
This vignette study was conducted to determine how observers' beliefs about marital rape are altered by the knowledge of a prior history of husband-to- wife physical violence. Participants (n = 50 college students) read three different marital rape situations; in one situation the husband had been physically violent in the past; in another he had not. In the third situation, participants were not given any information about the physical abuse history between the spouses. As expected, participants blamed the victim most for the marital rape and minimized the seriousness of the rape when they had been told that there was not a prior history of husband-to-wife physical abuse. These findings suggest that observers use a physical violence history to establish the coercion needed to determine that marital rape had occurred. The legal implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
19.
In this online vignette study, a national sample of domestic violence shelter service providers (N = 282) completed a 10-item questionnaire about a woman experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). Scenarios varied in terms of couple sexual orientation (heterosexual or lesbian) and type of abuse (physical or nonphysical). Results indicate that although participants did not overtly discriminate against a woman in a lesbian relationship, they were less likely to perceive her as a victim, and their acceptance of a lesbian as a client was more dependent on their comfort with her than was the case for a woman in a heterosexual relationship. Type of abuse, as expected, had a main effect on many questions, with physical abuse taken more seriously than nonphysical abuse. Scores on the Attitudes Toward Lesbians subscale (Herek) were unrelated to responses. Implications for service providers are discussed. 相似文献
20.
This study focuses on how two fundamental social factors, structural power position and social status, affect attributions for relatively common, non-problematic exchange outcomes. We argue that the relative power and statuses of dyad members activate expectations of competence which in turn shape attributions in the situation. Subjects assumed the role of a typist described in a vignette of a transaction between a typist and a student needing a paper typed. We manipulated power positions in the vignette by varying the value and availability of the resource each actor desired; subject's sex and that of the fictive student represented social statuses. Despite the typicality of the exchange situation, results indicated that status and, to some extent power, created variation in the strength of attributions for the exchange outcome. Females, presumably expected to be more competent typists, made stronger self-attributions for the typing payment than males. Similarly, those in high power positions tended to attribute the payment more to themselves than occupants of low power positions. 相似文献
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