关于我国城市社区居家养老服务问题与对策的思考

近年来,随着我国人口老龄化速度的加快,传统的以家庭为主的养老模式已无法满足老年人的生活需求,居家养老正成为我国城市养老模式的最佳选择。目前,全国各主要城市在多年实践的基础上已初步建立起居家养老服务体系,但是在居家养老服务资金、机构、内容、评估等方面还存在一系列问题,需要作出进一步的改进和完善。     

老龄化视角下我国养老社区建设的研究——基于对美国养老社区的借鉴

面对日益严峻的老龄化趋势和不断增加的养老服务需求，传统意义上的家庭养老模式已经不能满足社会发展要求。我国人口老龄化呈现出“未富先老”的格局，需要社会承担起养老的责任。目前，我国养老产业的发展还不成熟，没有形成规范的养老产业，无法满足老年人多样化的养老服务需求。结合我国实际情况，借鉴美国先进的养老社区建设经验，进行我国养老社区建设的对策研究，对解决人口老龄化问题和提升社会福利水平具有重大意义。     

国外长期照护保险制度的模式比较研究

伴随着人口老龄化进程的加快,失能老年人数量持续增加,长期照护保险制度势在必行。文章采用文献分析和比较分析的方法,从保险对象、管理模式、等级标准、给付方式等几方面分析了德、日、英、美四国长期照护保险不同模式的经验和教训,以期为我国长期照护保险制度的建设提供可借鉴的政策经验。根据经验分析,文章提出应分人群、分地区、分模式进行我国长期照护保险制度体系的建设和发展。口口     

困境与出路:北京市失独家庭养老保障问题研究

失独家庭的产生使得传统以家庭为核心的养老方式面临严峻挑战,家庭原有的经济功能、赡养功能和精神慰藉功能受到损害。北京市现有失独家庭养老保障制度及措施具有一定的示范效应,但仍存在不足,应进一步完善失独家庭养老保障制度及体系,建立分层级、多元化的养老保障及风险规避模式。     

我国养老服务业改革：问题、重点与政策研究

人口老龄化是贯穿我国 21 世纪的基本国情。从 2006 年养老服务业这一概念首次在政府层面提 出至今，我国养老服务业在探寻符合中国特色的发展模式中逐步成长，特别是“十三五”以来我国在养老服务 业改革上取得了若干突破性进展。但总体来看，我国养老服务业发展仍处于初级阶段，明确属性上“事业”与“产 业”的合理边界、政府职能上“有限权利”与“有效权利”的合理边界、体系构架上“家庭功能”与“社会功能” 的合理边界、宏观政策上“动态调整”与“连续性”的合理边界，是深化我国养老服务业改革必须面对的关键问题。 面对新趋势和新要求，我国必须立足现实基础、需求结构和发展趋势，以改革为主线，在建立健全养老服务业 体系上加快走出一条符合中国特色的发展道路。     

“老年”年龄界定与社会代际养老关系之构建 ——从家庭养老到社会养老之社会保险创建逻辑

在任何时代老年群体都是社会关注的重点对象,养老问题对社会的和谐稳定至关重要。在自然经济状态下,"老年"的界定更贴近于当时社会人们的自然认知和文化认知。家庭养老是当时主要的养老方式,显现出强烈的以孝文化为内在驱动的家庭代际养老特色。随着养老社会化进程的推进,老年年金保险法制在世界范围内得以建立。老年年金保险之"老"通过法律予以规定,具有社会代际关系切割之意涵与功能,且年龄的设定随社会现实的变化而变化。为应对人口年龄结构老龄化趋势,我国退休年龄制度改革应分两步走:第一,分阶段提高女性法定退休年龄,并以60岁为标准退休年龄;第二,构建55—65岁的弹性退休年龄制度。     

我国农村社会养老保险制度探讨

随着市场经济的深入发展,我国农村社会的传统家庭养老模式遭受巨大冲击。我国上世纪八十年代以来推行的农村社会养老保险制度,经过二十多年的实践,依然存在不少问题,效果并不尽如人意,为了全面贯彻落实以人为本的指导思想,建立和完善我国农村养老保险制度体系已是迫在眉睫的任务。本文对当前我国农村社会养老保险制度相关政策进行了梳理,在此基础上发掘其中存在的问题,从而提出相应的对策建议。     

老年农民工破3600万 面临养老困境

据统计,中国50岁以上的"老年"农民工数量已经达到3600万。此前,因欠薪、工作环境差等问题突出,养老困局未得到普遍重视,而随着农民工年龄的递增,第一代农民工"退休"后的养老问题将会日益凸显,而30年来农民工福利拖欠累积的问题,将在日后集中爆发。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下养老机构面临的挑战 —— 基于14个省份的调查分析

2019年底开始扩散的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情,对中国公共卫生的防治提出严峻挑战。随着防控范围的扩大和防控力度的不断加强,封闭式管理的养老机构也面临更大的困境和挑战。作为老人坚实后盾和防疫屏障的养老机构也需要更多的社会支持。为了解疫情下养老机构运营困难及应对措施,对全国14个省份29家养老机构进行了问卷调查和电话访谈。在此基础上,参考欧美国家养老机构防治传染病暴发的措施,针对我国疫情下养老机构的问题,提出切实可行的政策建议。     

抚慰失独之殇:失独家庭养老服务及救助体系研究

失独家庭的产生使得传统以家庭为核心的养老方式面临严峻挑战,失独家庭养老堪忧且面临诸多困境,失独家庭的养老问题应体现政府责任,建立完善的养老服务体系。     

Gender awareness,symptom expressions and Irish mental health-care provision

Irish mental health policy and care provision is criticised for being gender-neutral despite gender being present in almost every aspect of illness; from risk to protection; symptom interpretation; diagnosing, ideology and knowledge of illnesses. The aim of this paper was to present the views of Irish service users and providers in relation to symptom expressions, gender awareness and care provision. A qualitative social realist design was used using Layder's (1998) adaptive theory and social domains theory. In-depth interviews (n = 54) with 26 service users and 28 service providers were conducted within one mental health service in Ireland. Dominant societal expectations for men and women are described in response to symptom expressions that reflect ‘categorical’ and ‘performative’ understandings of gender. A return of interest to symptoms-based research and practice from a gendered perspective is argued for.     

Chapter 21: Specialist Fostering:

Specialist foster family care has quietly developed in the last twenty years and consistently reflects features of families' services providing within their homes, receiving payment for services, and are the primary service providers with social workers and other staff providing back up supervision and consultation. Matters for consideration as this programming thrust develops include distinguishing models of service which define the problem as lying with the child who is assumed to require treatment contracted with models which take a more ecological approach, clarifying the roles of foster parents and social workers, specifying the role of birth parents in specialist foster family care programs, developing the relationship of specialist foster family care to permanency planning, and identifying possible future directions including more extensive use of this type of service for adults.     

Seeking Safety,Finding Abuse: Stories from Foster Youth on Maltreatment and Its Impact on Academic Achievement

The safety of foster children and youth is the primary concern of the U.S. Department of Human Services. Yet, not all certified foster care homes offer the safety children need. This article reports the findings of a phenomenological study of foster youth reporting maltreatment occurring at the hands of foster parents. With a scarcity of studies on the abuse occurring at the hands of foster care providers, this study offers an important glimpse into the realities of life in care. Through in-depth interviews, this study reveals the harm perpetrated by foster care providers and the probable connection between maltreatment in care and barriers to academic achievement.     

Attitudes toward mental health services among homeless and matched housed youth

Homeless youth experience high rates of mental health problems yet they under-utilize mental health services. The present study surveyed 56 homeless youth and 97 matched at-risk housed youth on their attitudes toward mental health services, and investigated the link between social support and attitudes. Results showed groups shared similar neutral to positive attitudes. Higher levels of social support were associated with increased positive attitudes toward services. Further analyses found that lesbian/gay/bisexual/questioning youth held more positive attitudes compared to heterosexual youth. Implications of the current study can assist service providers with eliminating barriers and increasing mental health service use.     

隔代照料问题研究述评与政策思考 ——基于老年人力资源开发的视角

老年人是重要的人力资源。家庭内部的隔代照料是老年人力资源开发的重要途径，可对推动女 性就业、促进人口均衡发展和经济增长作出重要贡献。但隔代照料也会对老年人的身心健康产生积极或消极影 响。本研究在借鉴国外隔代照料家庭支持政策的基础上，采用社会政策分析框架探讨我国隔代照料支持政策的 发展思路。研究认为，应将隔代照料支持政策纳入各地“一老一小”整体解决方案和老年人力资源开发相关政 策。未来应进一步分析老年隔代照料的经济价值，统筹考量其经济成本，多学科细化分析其社会性价值与成本， 强化老年隔代照料的政策研究。     

开发老年劳动力市场的必要性与路径研究

在平均预期寿命增加和低生育率的双重作用下,中国快速进入老龄化社会,给劳动力市场和经济持续发展带来了诸多挑战。中国老年劳动力市场具有巨大的潜力,充分利用51-64岁年龄人口将会有效增加我国劳动力供给,实现二次人口红利。在分析当前中国老年劳动力市场潜力及充分借鉴国外经验的基础上,提出了推行延迟退休政策、鼓励老年人灵活就业、加强老年劳动力培训和完善社会服务体系等开发老年劳动力市场的路径。     

European law as a lever for female workers at the national level: Belgium and the Equal Pay Directive of 1975

‘Equal pay for equal work’ is a longstanding feminist claim. In this regard, the 1975 Equal Pay Directive of the European Economic Community has generated momentum for women at the national level. Based on the Belgian case, we explain how national actors – and more specifically trade unions and their women’s committees – have used European law to foster wage equality. Despite the existence of binding norms since the 1950s, this principle of equal pay has been poorly applied. The implementation of the directive in the Belgian neo-corporatist institutional framework has given trade unions the possibility to secure an extensive interpretation of the directive’s general provisions. The assumption driving this paper is that this directive has generated momentum for change – though this is not a synonym of ‘a miracle solution’ – in Belgium regarding wage equality. More fundamentally, this study is about the intertwining of European and national laws and the way in which European norms can offer instrumental opportunities to national actors to impact their domestic polity and policies, here on social and gender matters.     

“菲佣”背后的国家教育支撑 ——兼议对我国家政教育及家庭劳动教育的启示

当下我国社会对家政职业的认可度仍然较低,严重制约着家政行业职业化、规模化发展。菲律宾的家政教育经过60多年的发展,已形成了广泛而良好的社会基础,不仅使家政劳动意识得到启蒙传播,国民树立起了公平职业观念,更助力培养家政专业化人才,满足市场需求,造就了世界品牌"菲佣"。菲律宾完备的家政教育体系为"菲佣"职业化提供了有力的教育支撑。借鉴菲律宾经验,为推动我国家政教育和家庭劳动教育建设,研究建议:加快构建覆盖教育全过程的家政教育体系,大力传播家政劳动意识,提高家政服务行业的社会认同;充分发挥高校的主体作用,完善高等家政教育体系,吸纳更多人力资源进入家政行业;创新人才培养机制,建设职业教育、职业培训与资格认证一体化的家政人才培育体系,切实保障和提高家政行业服务质量。     

银发浪潮下的中国老年人力资源开发

人口老龄化是中国当前及今后很长时期都必须面临的重要问题,充分认识到老年人力资源开发的重要意义,挖掘老年人口红利将成为经济社会发展的新动力。中国拥有规模庞大的老年人力资源,但老年人口实际就业率并不高。影响老年人力资源开发和利用的因素既有社会观念、强制的退休年龄制度等宏观因素,也有老年人的就业意愿、健康状况、受教育程度等微观因素。促进老年人就业,实现老有所为是中国积极应对人口老龄化的重要举措。研究提出如下政策建议:转变社会观念,营造老年人力资源价值观念;重点开发低龄健康老年人力资源;加强对老年人的教育和培训;重视对老年就业的法律保护;改革现有的强制退休年龄制度,实行弹性退休制度。