注册防火工程师执业与管理的构想与展望

文章假设我国已建立注册防火工程师制度,那么消防机构将已进行性能化建筑防火设计与评估的工程实行备案制度,不进行具体的建筑防火审查。注册防火工程师执业的机构形式有两种:大型设计院、研究所、高校所属的性能化防火设计研究所和社会性的火灾安全咨询服务公司。公安部消防局是注册防火工程师执业机构的主管部门,并对其进行行业与技术管理,如人员组成、软件设备、注册资金及收费标准、人员培训与业务指导以及建筑设计修改等。     

Application of computational fluid dynamics modelling in the process of forensic fire investigation: problems and solutions

Fire modelling has been gaining more and more interest into the community of forensic fire investigation. Despite an attractiveness that is partially justified, the application of fire models in that field of investigation rises some difficulties. Therefore, the understanding of the basic principles of the two main categories of fire models, the knowledge of their effective potential and their limitations are crucial for a valid and reliable application in forensic science. The present article gives an overview of the principle and basics that characterise the two kinds of fire models: zone models and field models. Whereas the first ones are developed on the basis of mathematical relation from empirical observations, such as stratification of fluid zones, and give a relatively broad view of mass and energy exchanges in an enclosure, the latter are based on fundamentals of fluid mechanics and represent the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to fire scenarii. Consequently, the data that are obtained from these two categories of fire models differ in nature, quality and quantity. First used in a fire safety perspective, fire models are not easily applied to assess parts of forensic fire investigation. A suggestion is proposed for the role of fire modelling in this domain of competence: a new tool for the evaluation of alternative hypotheses of origin and cause by considering the dynamic development of the fire. An example of a real case where such an approach was followed is explained and the evaluation of the obtained results comparing to traces revealed during the on-site investigation is enlightened.     

细水雾灭火系统技术研究进展

本文总结了细水雾灭火系统的灭火机理,分析了水滴尺寸分布、通量密度、喷雾动力和添加剂四因素对细水雾灭火效果的影响,介绍了细水雾灭火系统的类型及常用的商业系统,结合细水雾与火焰、热辐射的相互作用及通风对细水雾的影响,分析了细水雾的灭火过程,在过去应用的基础上总结了细水雾灭火系统应用研究的新进展。     

Free radical production from controlled low-energy fires: toxicity considerations

Most fire departments respond within the first 5 min of notification of a fire. If fire victims are found at that stage by the firefighters, then incapacitation or death has occurred during the initial low-energy phase where smoke is being produced. Studies have shown that during this initial low-energy phase of the fire, gases commonly thought responsible for incapacitation or death are frequently not present in concentrations adequate to cause this result. In the current study free radicals, measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, were trapped in concentrations that we consider incapacitating, thus providing an explanation for "incapacitation without cause." This finding points the way to the design of more efficient temporary protective equipment for those who are in a high fire hazard environment, such as airline passengers, and suggests the idea of establishing a thermodynamic marker for the relative toxicity of building materials.     

Personality differences between police and fire applicants

An increasingly common administrative policy is to combine police and fire departments into one collective unit titled something such as “Department of Public Safery”. However, in order to make such a combination, job incumbents must be able to perform the duties of both a patrolperson and a firefighter. Thus a combination of police and fire departments assumes that police and fire applicants are similar in skills, abilities, and personality characteristics. The purpose of the present study was to determine if police and fire applicants were similar in terms of personality. The results indicated that there were significant personality differences between police and fire applicants. These differences were discussed in terms of the policy of combining police and fire departments.     

火铳的司法检验与鉴定

为了解决在司法实践中对“火铳”的认识,以便时案件的公正办理,通过对“火铳”的检验研究,阐述了“火铳”是枪还是炮、火铳的内部构造与发射机理,及“内弹道理论计算法”的致伤力检验与鉴定的技术方法对“火铳”的检验和鉴定：客观、科学地表述了对“火铳”的检验鉴定结果,从而为打击持“火铳”犯罪的行为找到了科学依据,进一步维护了社会治安秩序。同样也为法庭提供了科学证据,维护了社会的和谐、稳定与公正。     

Using fire dynamics simulator to reconstruct a hydroelectric power plant fire accident

The location of the hydroelectric power plant poses a high risk to occupants seeking to escape in a fire accident. Calculating the heat release rate of transformer oil as 11.5 MW/m(2), the fire at the Taiwan Dajia-River hydroelectric power plant was reconstructed using the fire dynamics simulator (FDS). The variations at the escape route of the fire hazard factors temperature, radiant heat, carbon monoxide, and oxygen were collected during the simulation to verify the causes of the serious casualties resulting from the fire. The simulated safe escape time when taking temperature changes into account is about 236 sec, 155 sec for radiant heat changes, 260 sec for carbon monoxide changes, and 235-248 sec for oxygen changes. These escape times are far less than the actual escape time of 302 sec. The simulation thus demonstrated the urgent need to improve escape options for people escaping a hydroelectric power plant fire.     

Extraction, derivatization, and analysis of vegetable oils from fire debris

Vegetable oils have the ability to spontaneously heat under certain conditions, which may lead to spontaneous ignition. While the oils are not often encountered in forensic casework, they may be suspected in some fire cases. As these oils are not effectively analyzed using traditional fire debris analysis methods, a protocol must be established for extracting vegetable oils from fire debris. In this study, a protocol was developed for the extraction, derivatization, and analysis of vegetable oils from fire debris. Three derivatization methods were compared to establish an optimal derivatization procedure to convert the fatty acids found in vegetable oils to the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) used in analysis. Three different gas chromatograph columns and programs were examined to determine which was best suited for the separation and analysis of FAMEs. The procedure was tested and refined using a variety of neat and burned vegetable oils, in addition to extractions from oils burned on commonly encountered fire debris materials. The findings of this research will serve as a starting point for further understanding and research of vegetable oils in fire debris.     

The causes of death in fire victims

In 169 consecutive cases of autopsied fire victims about 50% had lethal levels of carboxyhemoglobin. Soot in the respiratory tract was found in about 90% of the cases. The age distribution of the fire victims showed significantly less persons in the 15-35-year group than should be expected according to the age distribution of the population, presumably due to greater agility of younger people. More than half of the fire victims had alcohol in the blood exceeding 0.05%, and alcohol intoxication should be considered accessary to many deaths in fire. The characteristic biphasic distribution of carboxyhemoglobin in fire victims together with other observations suggest that the principal causes of death are carbon monoxide followed by carbon dioxide poisoning and/or oxygen deficiency, while the influence of heat is considered to be of minor importance.     

Suicide by inhalation of carbon monoxide in a residential fire

Fire deaths are usually accidental, but atypical cases of homicide or suicide have been described. In suicide by fire, the only method reported by several authors consists of self-immolation. We present here the unusual case of an adult female who committed suicide by waiting in the living room after setting fire to her bedroom. The autopsy revealed smoke inhalation and the toxicological analysis revealed carboxyhemoglobin levels of 67%. Very few cases of suicide by fire not of the self-immolation type have been reported, and all have been anecdotal. A review of the literature is presented and a new term, "suicide by inhalation of carbon monoxide in a fire," is proposed for such cases.     

Three fatalities in flash fire with variable dental charring

The deaths of three teenagers in an automobile crash and flash fire are presented. The inability to draw valid conclusions about whether the victims were dead prior to the fire based on dental examination is discussed.     

Combustion of animal fat and its implications for the consumption of human bodies in fires.

This paper describes experiments in which the combustion of animal tissue (pork) was measured under a variety of conditions that may be encountered in fire scenes. Combustion depends on substantial preheating of the tissue by an external heat source and the availability of a porous wick (such as charred cellulosic material). Combustion of moderate-size samples can proceed at a moderate rate of 1-3 g/s (3.6-10.8 kg/hr) if provided with an adequate wick and results in only a small fire of 30-50 kW. In the final test, combustion of 26 kg of fat and skin created a fire of 120-130 kW. Such a fire is more likely to cause fire spread to other combustibles nearby. The presence of other, less efficient fuels (like skin and muscle) and the absence of large fuel masses (such as in the very lean pig carcasses used here) results in significantly smaller fires of 40-50 kW. Such fires are more typical of burning human remains when there are minimal contributions from other fuels.     

燃烧油品的沸溢喷溅特性分析研究

本文分析了油罐火灾中各种燃烧油品的沸溢喷溅现象，阐述了沸溢喷溅发生的条件，研究了沸溢喷溅火焰的热辐射强度，对于预测和评价油罐火灾的沸溢喷溅具有一定实用意义。     

The ‘quarter-power equation’ for resistive heating faults

The ubiquitous nature of electricity makes an electrical fault a primary consideration at the start of almost every fire investigation. Principal amongst the types of faults that can cause a fire is the resistive heating fault. While methods for calculating the maximum power transfer from a supply to a load are well known to electrical engineers, especially in the fields of radio and audio engineering, their useful application for fire investigation has not been explored publicly. A power transfer relationship is re-worked here by considering the original circuit as the supply and the fault as the load. This results in the ‘quarter-power equation’ for application in fire investigation, which can help to assess whether this particular means of ignition, the resistive heating fault, is viable for the case being investigated. This article provides analysis and guidance on the derivation, use and limitations of the ‘quarter-power equation’ and shows how it was useful in eliminating a possible cause of fire under consideration in a particular investigation.     

Never say never. Negligible carboxyhemoglobin in the victim of a smoldering mattress fire

For many years, a high blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration has been used as a criterion for determining that a victim of conflagration was alive in the fire. We report a case in which a man died from the combined effects of burns and hypertensive cardiovascular disease. He had a negligible blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration, but the environmental evidence and autopsy findings are indicative of life in the fire, which arose in a smoldering mattress. We conclude that uncritical, rigid adherence to the requirement that fire victims have high carboxyhemoglobin concentrations can be misleading.     

Examination of misconceptions surrounding fatal fire victims

Fire deaths are not unusual in forensic investigative practice but due to the destructive nature of fire they are often very difficult to investigate. With the need to identify the deceased and the events surrounding the manner and cause of death, knowledge of thermally induced alteration to the human body is important. Within the fire investigation community, a number of misconceptions have been present for years regarding the protrusion of the tongue as an indicator of life during the fire, and fractured skulls as the result of brains boiling and skulls exploding. This work presents qualitative analysis on the experimental burning of 42 unembalmed human donated cadavers by the San Luis Obispo Strike Team (SLOFIST) on their annual Forensic Fire Death Investigation Course (FFDIC) between 2017 and 2019. Prior to burning, the position of the tongue within the dental arch was confirmed and sharp, blunt, surgical and gunshot trauma to the cranium documented. Temperature was recorded from ignition through to suppression with thermocouples present both within the scene and the body. Post burn analysis on the position of the tongue, observation of cranial fractures and presence of brain tissue were recorded and analysed in conjunction with thermocouple data, fire scene dynamics and body demographics. The results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the thermal environmental factors involved in producing the phenomena that facilitate these misconceptions, identifying that a more thorough understanding of individual fire scenes and their development is essential when interpreting alteration and injury to the body of the fatal fire victim.     

Correlates of adolescent fire setting: examining the role of fire interest,fire-related attentional bias,impulsivity, empathy and callous–unemotional traits

Little is known about potential correlates of problematic fire setting that could guide risk assessments and intervention. The current study measured aspects of fire-setting behaviour, fire interest, attentional bias towards fire-related words on a modified Stroop task, impulsivity, cognitive and affective empathy and callous–unemotional traits among adolescent fire setters, non-fire-setting antisocial adolescents and age-matched school controls. Results showed that current fire setting was associated with earlier onset of lighter/match play and unsanctioned fire setting. Fire-setting adolescents were also characterised by high impulsivity, callousness, uncaring traits and low cognitive empathy. Fire-setting frequency was best predicted by high impulsivity. Fire interest correlated negatively with accuracy on fire-related words on the fire Stroop task. These findings suggest that impulsivity may be important in the assessment and treatment of problematic fire setting, and encourage further research on modified Stroop tasks as a novel means to assess fire interest.     

Inhalation heat shock]

Using the example of a recent case, we examine the possibilities of trace analysis and fire protection techniques in the investigation of fire deaths. The effective cooperation between forensic pathologists and fire inspectors is presented and we discuss the mathematical-physical uses of fire simulation calculations. We review the trace analysis results and discuss the variety of technical possibilities of modern engineering techniques for fire protection.     

简论消防行政处罚的主体

本文辨析了消防行政处罚主体与消防行政主体、消防行政处罚执行主体的关系,厘清了消防行政处罚的主体范围,以便各主体依法实施处罚。     

嗅觉模拟技术在火灾探测中的应用

如何极早期并且准确探测到火灾历来是火灾探测研究的重点内容之一。近年来,基于气敏传感器阵列与模式识别方法的嗅觉模拟技术成为国内外研究的热点,并且成功应用于环境监测、医疗诊断、医药及食品工业、化工、军事等领域。目前已经有人尝试将其应用于火灾探测方面。将嗅觉模拟技术应用于火灾探测的实质就是利用嗅觉模拟系统中仿生的气敏元件感应火灾前(中)物质受热分解(燃烧)释放出的气味,这个感应时间早于火灾发生时间、甚至是阴燃发生的阶段,即早于传统火灾探测器的响应时间。所以将其应用于火灾探测领域可以解决以往火灾探测器响应时间晚、响应不准确的关键技术问题。嗅觉模拟技术在火灾探测方面表现出良好的发展潜力。