行政裁量基准的逻辑

行政裁量基准是我国行政法学界近年的一个关注热点,不过学者们的理论观点纷纭,对其褒贬不一。明晰行政裁量基准的内在逻辑是客观公允地体认它的价值的前提。行政裁量基准作为行政裁量的对立概念,形式逻辑上而言,其具有控制行政裁量权滥用的品性。但在实践中,行政裁量基准只能以"织网模式"来控制行政裁量,其运行逻辑又与行政裁量并无二致,只不过加大了规则的密度,缩减了行政裁量的幅度而已。另外,行政裁量基准在遵从法律的表象下,实质上是以"命令模式"驱动的,属于行政权的自我从善,难以受到其他权力的有效制约,导致其适用结果仍具有不确定性。     

建构行政裁量规制系统之刍议

行政裁量是现代公共行政的核心,它涉及一切行政领域,贯穿行政活动的全过程。作为行政裁量的下位概念,行政自由裁量的提法只具有学理上的意义,其在行政实务中的误读及滥用严重阻碍了法治行政的步伐。另一方面,每一个司理正义的行政制度通常都具有庞大的裁量权,如何实现这些行政裁量的优化平衡,需要我们对其进行系统地规制建构。     

行政处罚中智能行政裁量的实践隐忧与进路调适

在自动化行政背景下，行政处罚中裁量权面临着不公开、少互动、僵化裁量、无逸脱等实践运行隐忧，并影响着处罚结论的公正性。为此，需要明确智能裁量在行政裁量中的载体地位，努力实现行政裁量时公平与正义的动态平衡。调适行政处罚中的智能裁量权行使：根据处罚案件的复杂程度、裁量基准的有无和不确定法律概念的多少对智能裁量介入限度进行分级构造；统一裁量基准立法，在裁量基准中初步制定智能裁量的具体规则；构建裁量基准转化的可视化制度，破解“算法黑箱”的难题；在自动化裁量决策系统中设计智能裁量程序规则，避免自动化处罚中相对人程序权益被无限压缩；在自动化裁量决策系统中应用智能裁量逸脱机制“，唤醒”裁量基准中的逸脱条款。     

论对自由裁量行政行为的司法审查

自由裁量行政行为是基于自由裁量权而产生的。司法权与行政权是社会有序发展天平的两端 ,只有二者相互协调平衡发展 ,才能实现依法行政、建立社会主义法治国家之目的。而现实情况是 ,行政权中的自由裁量权迅速膨胀 ,自由裁量行政行为已渗透到社会生活各个领域 ,远远超越司法权对其控制的范围 ,并因此带来一系列社会问题。因此 ,研究对自由裁量行政行为的司法审查 ,平衡二者的相互关系 ,已属势所必然。     

行政裁量基准制度的合法性问题研究

行政裁量基准制度是近年来兴起的行政法现象,作为一种规则化的行政自我拘束制度,其基本目的在于实现裁量与行政正义之间的平衡.然而,行政裁量基准制度沿用的是严格规则化路径,在量化或细化自由裁量权的过程中,极有可能造成行政逃匿在立法控制之外,从而动摇其合法性基础.为此,在构建行政裁重制度过程中,应当在立法目的和法律原则的指引下,采用一种开放和参与的模式,为其合法性提供制度保障.     

论不确定法律概念与行政裁量

行政裁量的研究史表明,正确把握行政裁量范围的关键是如何看待其与不确定法律概念的关系。将先从不确定法律概念与行政裁量的含义和分类入手,然后通过梳理二者关系的学说,进而说明区分不确定法律概念和行政裁量的必要性,希望可以对此问题有所裨益。     

浅析对专业技术性裁量的司法审查——基于行例1-19和行例2-75的考量

行政裁量可分为政策性裁量和专业技术性裁量,专业技术性裁量由于其具有较高的专业性而被给予较大的裁量空间,但是就目前的立法以及实践而言,对其究竟享有多大程度的裁量空间以及裁量空间如何限定并没有明确以及具体的规定和规律可循。鉴于此,从内涵的界定、案例分析、现实问题以及司法审查四个方面入手,针对专业技术性裁量的司法审查问题提出了自己的观点。     

行政裁量控制模式的法经济学分析

行政裁量模式的法经济学分析表明,不能寄望于通过完善立法完全解决行政裁量问题,但可以通过立法缩小裁量范围,规范裁量程序.司法控制模式自身有成本较高、适用范围有限以及司法裁量带有主观性等不足,鉴于其中立地位和强制力,仍然可以用来加强对行政裁量合法性及合理性的审查.行政控制模式具有内生性、同步性和专业性强等优势,考虑到其控制主体和控制对象合二为一的特性,必须加强内部分权、建立裁量基准、遵循行政惯例以及加强行政责任机制.最后,为了弥补外在控制模式的不足,必须充分利用行政伦理控制模式以确保行政裁量不被滥用.     

论行政自由裁量权及其控制

自由裁量权的扩张是当代公共行政发展的趋势,自由裁量无处不在,这一方面为提高行政效率和能动性所必需,另一方面行政自由裁量权的滥用又可能是整个行政系统和社会的灾难。为此,探讨对行政自由裁量权的有效控制途径很有现实意义。     

行政处罚自由裁量基准设定的适当性——以近年浙江省行政处罚自由裁量基准为观察点

行政处罚自由裁量基准的设定成为近年来浙江省各地推行依法行政、公正合理行政的一项重要举措。但是,过度和不及的行政处罚裁量基准都是有害的。浙江省各地设定行政处罚自由裁量基准应该在适当性下展开,具体包括设定主体、规则性质定位、具体裁量标准、列举考量因素的适当等。     

反腐的关键:规制行政裁量权

行政裁量权由于其可能导致肆意和专断,因而成为腐败的重灾区。因此,反腐的关键在于规制行政裁量权,保证行政裁量权在法治的轨道上运行。行政裁量权的规制属于复合规制模式,包括立法规制、行政规制、司法规制以及权利规制四种规制路径。然而规制模式有其内在的局限性,公众参与作为民主理论在行政过程的投射,其所具有的民意表达、利益协商、程序正义等功能和优势,可以实现对行政裁量权的有效规制。建立起公众参与的配套制度,并完善公众参与的程序设计,可以实现对行政裁量权的有效规制,促进反腐倡廉建设的健康发展。     

THE INFLUENCE OF E‐GOVERNMENT ON ADMINISTRATIVE DISCRETION: THE CASE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN EGYPT

One important but often understudied area of research in public administration is the effect of e‐government on administrative discretion. This article examines e‐government factors that influence administrative discretion through a survey of local governments. The focus of this study is on Egyptian local governments, which are using e‐government to modernise public service delivery. Through a survey of administrative officials in these governments, this study found evidence that e‐government factors of collaboration and organisational change influenced administrative discretion. Other common factors noted in the literature such as size of the local government and demand by citizens for e‐government did not register an effect on administrative discretion. The results of this study imply that local governments should do more to enhance e‐government to reduce administrative discretion, especially in the area of increasing collaboration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Controlling Administrative Discretion Promotes Social Equity? Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Although social equity has been a formal pillar of public administration for decades, identifying mechanisms through which public officials inadvertently reproduce unfair conditions remains a relevant topic. In particular, it is important to understand how the habits and practices of street‐level bureaucrats may result in an unjust allocation of public resources. This article provides evidence on how the administrative discretion conferred on school principals may result in an efficient but unfair condition regarding the allocation of students across schools, thus undermining social equity. By exploiting a natural experiment, we are able to provide reliable evidence on how controlling administrative discretion decreases the segregation of students based on their socioeconomic status.     

Bureaucratic discretion,social equity,and the administrative legitimacy dilemma: Complications of New Public Service

Bureaucratic discretion continues to be one of a public administrator's primary powers while at the same time being one of their most controversial. Used in a positive way, bureaucratic discretion can enhance social equity; however, this practice can create administrative legitimacy dilemmas. As such, this paper conceptually discusses the theoretical position of public administrators that contributes to their engagement in legitimacy dilemmas, which is further complicated by the tenets of New Public Service. We argue that if public administrators are engaged in authentic interactions with the public and use their discretion to reflect the interests of the public, then they are engaged in truly democratic governance. We place this argument in the context of achieving social equity and highlight an avoided question in public administration. Finally, recommendations for future research are offered as a means progressing the social equity agenda in public administration.     

Restoring the Rule of Law to Public Administration: What Frank Goodnow Got Right and Leonard White Didn't

Although the rule of law is universally regarded as a fundamental principle of democratic governance, the field of public administration continues to exhibit the "anti-legal temper" that emerged in the 1920s, when Leonard White's managerialism largely displaced Frank Goodnow's emphasis on the intimacy of law and administration. Although administrative law is a distinguished subfield of scholarship and practice within public administration, the consensus view within the profession seems to be that law is one of many constraints on administrative discretion rather than its source, a challenge to administrative leadership rather than its guiding principle. In addition to unacceptably narrowing the range of values infusing public administration, such a view undermines the profession's ability to contribute to the design of our governance arrangements at a time when constitutional institutions are being seriously challenged. To fulfill its constitutional role, public administration must commit itself to the rule of law as an institution that secures its legitimacy.     

Federal and State Public Forest Administration in the New Millennium: Revisiting Herbert Kaufman's The Forest Ranger

Herbert Kaufman's 1960 investigation of federal forest rangers provided important insights into administrative discretion, agency culture, and natural resource policy making. Subsequent studies of Forest Service administration have documented that agency's change over time, mirroring broad changes in federal public administration. But little is known about state forest administration. This article describes results from a survey of line officers in 48 state forest agencies, as well as state forest statute analysis. Results indicate systematic state–federal differences in legal constraints, citizen interactions, and the forest administrators themselves. Though these differences foster state administrator decision making based on professional expertise, they do not encourage the incorporation of stakeholder views into agency policy making, nor do they yield a bureaucracy that represents a diverse constituency. State forest administrators perceive substantial external challenges to their professional discretion, but it remains to be seen whether state forest agencies will change to more closely resemble their federal counterpart.     

中美公共管理教育比较研究

为适应机构改革及非政府的公共管理或服务部门不断发展的需要,加快培养高素质的公务员队伍和公共事业管理人才,必须有效地开展公共管理教育.本文通过比较中美公共管理教育的特点、培训方式及教学方法,寻求公共管理教育共同的规律,探索我国公共管理教育的发展方向及培训模式,以指导北京市有效开展公共管理教育和搞好公务员培训工作.     

试论入世后治安行政管理模式的转换——特种行业、娱乐场所治安管理工作的新方法、新思路

WTO的加入使得旧体制下治安行政管理模式的种种弊端日益显现。特种行业、娱乐场所已成为治安行政管理的重要内容,公安机关治安管理部门正面临着管理观念、管理模式、管理方法的转变。在新的形势下,如何加强特种行业、娱乐场所的治安管理是一个亟待研究的课题,只有从观念、具体工作及立法保障上对其加以更新和规范,才能适应新形势的要求。     

Administrative Discretion and Active Representation: An Expansion of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy

Recent studies of the theory of representative bureaucracy have focused on active representation, whereby administrators in public organizations work to advance the interests of particular groups, achieving policy outcomes that directly address the needs of those groups. The concept of administrative discretion is central to these studies, as an administrator must have the discretion to produce results that reflect the values and beliefs of these groups. While the presence of discretion is often implied in these studies, few have examined it explicitly. Using data from the Farmer's Home Administration, we explore whether administrators who perceive themselves as having more discretion enact policy outcomes that are more representative of minority interests. The results strongly support the conclusion that administrators who perceive themselves as possessing significant discretion and who assume the role of minority representative in their agencies are more likely to enact policy outcomes that favor minority interests.     

违反治安管理行为概念的反思与重构

违反治安管理行为是指违反社会治安管理类的有关法律、法规的规定,产生治安行政法律义务(责任)的行为。其违法主体与责任承担主体并非一致,责任承担方式也非仅行政处罚。行政处理方式的多样性可以促进治安行政执法理念由惩罚性治理向综合性治理转变。