Sudden cardiac death due to giant cell inflammatory processes

Granulomatous inflammation of the myocardium may occur in a number of systemic disease processes including those with infectious etiologies such as fungal, mycobacterial and parasitic infections, as well as hypersensitivity reactions, and rarely autoimmune disorders. In many of these disorders, giant cells are components of the inflammatory infiltrate. Systemic granulomatous processes of unknown pathogenesis, most notably sarcoidosis, may also be associated with involvement of the myocardium. Occasionally, these disorders are associated with sudden death due to pathologic involvement of the heart. In contrast, giant cell myocarditis, also known as idiopathic myocarditis, a rare, frequently fulminant and fatal disorder of unknown etiology, is isolated to the heart and lacks systemic involvement. This disorder is most commonly diagnosed at autopsy. We present two cases in which sudden death resulted from a giant cell inflammatory process affecting the myocardium. Both individuals lacked antemortem diagnoses and collapsed at their respective places of employment. These cases compare and contrast the clinical and pathologic issues involved in the differential diagnoses of the subgroup of sudden cardiac deaths resulting from giant cell inflammatory processes that affect the myocardium, as well as the value of histologic examination and immunohistochemical studies.     

Sudden death due to an unrecognized cardiac hydatid cyst: three medicolegal autopsy cases

Echinococcosis is a human infection caused by the larval stage of Echinococcocus granulosus. The most common sites of infection are the liver and the lungs. Cardiac hydatid cysts are very rare, even in regions where hydatic cysts are endemic (the Mediterranean, South America, Africa, and Australia). It has been reported that cardiac involvement is seen in about 0.5-3% of human echinococcosis cases. Three cases of cardiac hydatid disease that caused sudden death and which were histopathologically diagnosed are reported. Cardiac echinococcosis is rare, but due to its insidious presentation and affinity to cause sudden death, it is important that it be identified in the histopathological examination.     

抗精神病药物致心源性猝死的机制及其法医学意义

精神障碍患者是由各种原因导致脑功能障碍并伴有一系列功能缺失和寿命缩短的群体,其死亡率为普通人群的2~5倍,且服用抗精神病药物导致猝死的发生率明显高于不服药者。大量案例报道和临床资料的回顾性研究表明,精神障碍患者发生心源性猝死风险与服用APs相关。本文简要介绍APs致心源性猝死的机制和危险因素,以期为法医学鉴定提供参考依据。     

致死性心律失常的法医学研究进展

据文献报道,有很多心源性猝死是由于致死性心律失常所致。在法医学鉴定工作中,心律失常所引起的猝死往往很突然,尸检及镜下病理学检查又缺乏特征性的改变,使得鉴定其死亡机制成为一大难点。因此,寻找一种客观、准确的心律失常鉴定方法,对于致死性心律失常所致心源性猝死的鉴定尤为重要。本文将就上述问题,从致死性心律失常的定义、分类、产生原因、致死机制、形态学所见及死后生化检测指标等方面进行综述,以期为心源性猝死致死原因的法医病理学分析、鉴定提供帮助。     

窦房结中央动脉狭窄与心源性猝死

近年来国内外学者相继报道由单纯窦房结中央动脉狭窄引起的猝死。本文就窦房结中央动脉的解剖、组织学特点、病变特点进行综述,探讨窦房结动脉狭窄引起猝死的机制,以期为相关法医病理学死因鉴定提供理论基础。     

RyR2相关心脏性猝死的研究进展

雷诺定受体2(ryanodine receptor 2,RyR2)是心肌细胞肌浆网上主要的钙释放通道,主要参与心肌的兴奋收缩耦联过程,其基因突变及调控异常可导致心肌舒张期钙漏引起心律失常,甚至猝死。本文重点综述RyR2基因突变及调控异常引起心脏性猝死的机制,并对以后的研究提出建议,旨在为心脏性猝死的法医学诊断提供一种新的思路。     

Forensic evaluation of sudden death due to tuberculosis

Abstract:  The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) poses a major threat to TB control efforts. We report a case of a 50-year-old man with pulmonary TB. The scene investigation had initially suspected for homicide; however, the result of medico-legal autopsy demonstrated natural cause of death. Statistical data suggest that the rates of national mortality by respiratory TB decreased in the last decades in Hungary; however, an increasing TB mortality was detected in the capital Budapest. Facing a new mortality trend in TB, the forensic scene investigation and determination of manner of death represent new challenges for practitioners.     

300例心源性猝死案例的法医学鉴定分析

目的探讨心源性猝死案例的病因、诱发因素及法医病理学特点,以期为心源性猝死案件的法医病理诊断提供参考。方法收集法医病理检案中的心源性猝死案例,对其年龄、性别、死亡时间、死因、诱因及场所等流行病学特点进行回顾分析。结果 300例心源性猝死案例中男性多于女性,18~45岁发病最多;病因包括冠心病(129例),心肌病(78例),心肌炎(36例)等;应激为SCD最常见的诱发因素(157例)。结论 1应激和冠心病是心源性猝死的重要危险因素。2心源性猝死的法医学鉴定除了要进行系统的尸检及病理学检查外,还要对死者的相关资料如:基础疾病、诱因、死亡时间、死亡经过等进行全面系统的分析以明确死因。     

97例心性猝死的法医病理学分析

目的探讨心性猝死（SCD）的特点、病理基础及致死因素和诱因等。方法对本系2002年12月至2006年12月期间，所作450例法医病理检案的97例心性猝死案例进行分析研究。结果97例SCD患者中，冠心痛猝死38例，心肌炎23例，心肌痛16例，高血压性心脏病12例，主动脉瘤破裂4例，肺栓塞4例。结论SCD病程短骤、凶险，以老年男性多见，冠心病占首位。由于猝死的因素繁多，因此对猝死事件的法医学鉴定要根据其发生特征和变化规律，作出客观、全面、准确的签定结论。     

先天性离子通道缺陷造成的心源性猝死研究进展

先天遗传引起的心肌细胞离子通道疾病可引起恶性心律失常,导致患者的晕厥、心脏骤停甚至猝死,而在对这些疾病进行病理学死因鉴定时,常因无阳性发现而缺少科学依据。随着现代分子生物学技术的发展,陆续发现了多种可导致离子通道疾病发病的突变基因。本文针对导致此类疾病中较常见的长QT综合征、短QT综合征、Brugada综合征以及儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速等类型,综述相关突变基因的研究进展,以期为相关研究和鉴定提供参考。     

基于化学计量法的FTIR鉴别心源性猝死

目的联合应用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术及化学计量法对心源性猝死的大鼠进行鉴别分析。方法注射药物或空气分别诱导大鼠的心源性猝死及空气栓塞死亡模型。应用Nicolet i Z10 FTIR光谱仪采集血清样本的红外光谱,联合OMNIC及Unscrambler软件,基于光谱不同分子吸收区间建立偏最小二乘回归模型。结果基于指纹区(1 200~900cm-1)建立PLS模型,均方根误差和决定系数分别是0.068 3、0.981 3,预测均方根偏差和预测决定系数分别是0.104 8、0.956 1;基于蛋白质酰胺区间(1 720~1 480cm-1)建立PLS模型,RMSE和R2分别是0.058 6,0.986 2,RMSEP和预测R~2分别是0.079 4、0.974 7。综合分析两种模型,蛋白质酰胺区间的RMSEP更小,且预测R2更大,提示其预测效果略好于指纹区间。结论联合FTIR及化学计量法,基于蛋白质及指纹区的分子特征均可有效鉴别大鼠的心源性猝死,其中两种不同死因引起的蛋白质差异更为显著。     

心脏性猝死心肌组织N-Cadherin、Bax表达变化及评价

目的观察心脏性猝死者(SCD)心肌组织的神经性钙粘附蛋白(N-Cadherin)和Bax的表达变化,探讨其法医学意义。方法分别选取心脏性猝死和排除心脏疾病死因的尸检案例心肌组织标本各33例、29为SCD组和对照组。光镜下观察心肌组织病理学改变,检测N-Cadherin和Bax在心肌组织中的表达变化,并进行统计学分析。结果 N-Cadherin在SCD组心肌中表达呈弱阳性,排列紊乱,显著低于正常心肌,正常心肌组织中N-Cadherin呈强阳性表达,细胞间界限明显,排列整齐。Bax在SCD组表达呈阳性,显著高于正常心肌。结论 N-Cadherin和Bax的变化表达对心脏性猝死鉴定有意义。     

KCNE、KCNQ1与心性猝死的相关性研究进展

部分心性猝死由于缺乏明确的病理学改变,其鉴定工作一直是法医工作者的一大难题。近年来,与长QT综合征、心房颤动等致死性心律失常疾病相关基因（KCNE基因家族与KCNQl）等研究逐渐增多。国内外研究发现KCNE和KCNQ1基因编码心肌钾离子通道,其基因异常可引起严重的心律失常,甚至导致心性猝死。因此,死后KCNE和KCNQl的基因检测对于心性猝死鉴定具有重要意义。本文对KCNE、KCNQl与心性猝死的相关性研究进展进行综述,希望能为法医学研究和实践提供参考。     

26例心脏传导系统发育异常猝死的病理学分析

目的研究心脏传导系统发育异常致猝死的病理变化。方法排除外伤、中毒及疾病所致死亡,收集26例不明原因猝死者心脏,采用作者创建的心脏传导系统取材法,常规切片、HE染色和Masson三色染色,光镜观察。结果 26例中见心传导系统有发育不全、结构异常、细胞或组织结构移位和窦房结纤维垫等病变,9例同时具有2~3种类型。16~30岁共21例,占全部样本的80.8%。结论心脏传导系统发育异常可能是不明原因青壮年猝死的重要原因之一。     

Sudden death owing to right atrial hemangioma

Primary cardiac tumors are rare, with an autopsy incidence of 0.03%. Seventy-nine percent to 85% of primary cardiac tumors are benign, and of the benign tumors, cardiac hemangiomas account for 5-10% of cases. Most cardiac hemangiomas are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally at autopsy, or by echocardiography, computerized tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. We report a case of sudden death owing to cardiac hemangioma in a 22-year-old woman who collapsed while shopping and became unresponsive. The autopsy revealed a hemorrhagic mass on the surface of the right atrium which was infiltrating and replacing the wall of the right atrium; histopathological examination confirmed the tumor was a cavernous hemangioma. Fewer than 20 cases of right atrial cavernous hemangiomas have been reported in English literature, emphasizing the rarity of our case.     

冠状动脉肌桥与心源性猝死

冠状动脉肌桥也称冠脉肌桥或心肌桥,是一种先天性冠状动脉分布走行的发育畸形,为冠状动脉某一段或其分支的某一段走行于心外膜下的心肌层内。这种先天性冠状动脉分布走行的发育畸形可以引起猝死,在尸体解剖中也较为常见。本文对冠脉肌桥的形态学特点、临床影像学与心电图改变、猝死机制以及法医学鉴定中需要注意的问题等方面进行了阐述。     

连接蛋白43与心性猝死的相关性研究进展

部分心性猝死者死后尸检时心脏没有发现明显病理学异常征象,过去均将其归属原因不明的猝死范畴。近年来研究显示,心肌连接蛋白43（connexin43,Cx43）表达对于心性猝死的诊断具有十分重要的意义。本文就Cx43结构、功能以及在心血管疾病发生发展中的作用与法医学意义作一综述。     

婴儿猝死综合征的研究现状及其法医学检验

婴儿猝死综合征(dudden infant death s yndrome,SIDS)一直是法医学和儿科学领域的研究热点。相对于北美、欧洲、澳洲以及日本等地对SIDS广泛深入的研究,来自中国的报道相对较少。本文通过总结文献,介绍SIDS的发展历史、研究现状和新的发展趋势,并结合2004年各国学者在美国圣地亚哥公布的SIDS分型,讨论实际检案中需注意的问题以及推进其调查研究的可行性。