The detection of beta-cypermethrin during forensic chemical expertise of biological materials

The optimal conditions for the isolation of beta-cypermethrin from biological materials by means of dioxane extraction have been developed. The possibility to purify beta-cypermethrin from endogenous impurities is demonstrated by combination of liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography through a silica gel column (L 40/100 mcm). It is shown that identification and quantitative determination of beta-cypermethrin extracted from the cadaveric liver tissues are possible using such techniques as thin-layer chromatography, electron spectrometry, and chromato-mass spectrometry. A method for forensic chemical expertise of the presence of beta-cypermethrin in biological materials is described.     

法医病理检案工作中的人为现象

目的 研究法医病理检案工作中常见的人为现象及其造成法医学鉴定结论错误的原因。方法 收集13例法医病理复核鉴定案例,并对其进行回顾性分析。结果 胸外心脏按压所致肋骨骨折,胸、腹腔出血及肺动脉栓塞栓子破碎,误认为生前外伤或死因不明5例;胰腺死后变化(自溶和被膜下及间质出血),误认为急性出血坏死性胰腺炎4例;死后动物咬伤误认为生前损伤2例;腐败尸斑误认为皮下出血1例;死后颈部解剖不当造成颈部肌肉出血,影响死因分析1例。结论 法医病理检案工作中的人为现象,常导致法医学鉴定的结论错误。     

Visual attention and expertise for forensic signature analysis

Eye tracking was used to measure visual attention of nine forensic document examiners (FDEs) and 12 control subjects on a blind signature comparison trial. Subjects evaluated 32 questioned signatures (16 genuine, eight disguised, and eight forged) which were compared, on screen, with four known signatures of the specimen provider while their eye movements, response times, and opinions were recorded. FDEs' opinions were significantly more accurate than controls, providing further evidence of FDE expertise. Both control and FDE subjects looked at signature features in a very similar way and the difference in the accuracy of their opinions can be accounted for by different cognitive processing of the visual information that they extract from the images. In a separate experiment the FDEs re-examined a reordered set of the same 32 questioned signatures. In this phase each signature was presented for only 100 msec to test if eye movements are relevant in forming opinions; performance significantly dropped, but not to chance levels indicating that the examination process comprises a combination of both global and local feature extraction strategies.     

关于基层法医病理检验的思考

随着社会发展和公民法律意识的提高。要求尸体检验的人数逐年增加，同时，社会对公安机关尸体检验中各个方面的要求也在逐渐提高，但在我国特别是欠发达的基层公安机关，法医病理检验仍存在很多问题，笔者就几个主要问题展开讨论。     

关于基层法医病理检验的思考

随着社会发展和公民法律意识的提高,要求尸体检验的人数逐年增加,同时,社会对公安机关尸体检验中各个方面的要求也在逐渐提高,但在我国特别是欠发达的基层公安机关,法医病理检验仍存在很多问题,笔者就几个主要问题展开讨论。一、基层法医病理检验存在问题问题1,没有理解法医病理中法与医的关系,只强调医的内容,忽略“为法服务”是“医”的目的。基层的法医工作者大部分从中专卫校毕业或其他与医疗有关的单位调入,如军队卫生队。没有严格法医专业教育培训,且大部分至今从未参加过一次法医专业知识的培训,几乎均以“师承”的方式学习法医,所以…     

Using electrophoresis for the identification of subjects in forensic medical expertise

It was proven as advisable to apply the electrophoretic method in sophisticated expertise cases for the purpose of defining the nature of objects in examinations of material evidence.     

Efficiency of hardware-assisted tools in forensic expertise

The authors analyze the efficiency of special-purpose hardware-assisted tools (SHT) in forensic expertise. Unlike clinical medicine, in which the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis are comprehensively used in choosing drugs, issues related with providing the state forensic-expertise facilities with specialized equipment have not been virtually elaborated up to now. The qualitative analysis based on the subjective evaluation of experts is used presently for the purposes. Therefore, development of objective criteria of evaluation of SHT for forensic expertise is an important and topical issue.     

医疗纠纷的法医学鉴定

目的研究医疗纠纷法医学鉴定的特点,并讨论医疗纠纷法医学鉴定的重点及难点。方法将医疗缺陷分为责任性缺陷、技术性缺陷、管理性缺陷、学科性缺陷和其他缺陷,对36件案例分别进行分类并进行统计。其中把18例由医疗事故鉴定委员会鉴定的结论与我室的鉴定结果进行比较分析,其他18例另行统计。结果36例案件中存在医疗缺陷的占86.11%,其中技术性缺陷66.67%,责任性缺陷和管理性缺陷均占25%。18例由医疗事故鉴定委员会鉴定的结论与我室的鉴定结果进行比较,医疗缺陷的认定两者有明显差异(P<0.05),对于医疗缺陷已对患者造成不良影响的认定,两者具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论法医进行医疗纠纷的鉴定,对医疗纠纷诉讼案件的处理起着积极的作用。目前,医疗纠纷的法医学鉴定仍存在许多问题需要进一步讨论。     

Detection of azaleptine in forensic chemical examination of cadaveric material

Azaleptine detection and quantitation in cadaveric material in forensic-chemical tests using thin-layer chromatography, UV-spectrophotometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are outlined.     

The forensic medical expertise of the victims of large-scale fires]

The difficulties of present-day forensic medical expert evaluation of poisonings in fires are explained by exposure of man to highly toxic compounds that form during burning of polymers. Analyzing forensic medical expert evaluations of a large number of victims dead in a large-scale fire, the authors emphasize the necessity of measuring not only dead people's blood levels of HbCO, but of some other toxic combustion products that may exert combined effects on human body. The authors think it desirable that criteria of forensic medical evaluation of combined poisoning in fire be defined.     

The forensic medical expertise in trauma of male genitals

A damage inflicted to genitals organs (GO) affects the copulative functions, the sperm fertilizing ability and, as a whole, the reproductive function. Injuries to the external genital organs (EGO) due to immediate trauma are more often the case in the forensic medical practice; they are less often encountered in operative interventions in organs, which are close to the prostate or those having immediate direct links with the testicles or with the cavernous bodies of the penis, i.e. in case of an indirect trauma or an mediated effect on the functions of GO. Even if there is a smallest damage to the EGO region, the man needs to consult the urologist in the out-patient or in-patient medical institution. It is always necessary to asses a degree of severity to the health both by signs of duration to health disorders and by an outcome of injury with regard for trauma severity and possible impact on the reproductive function.     

Detection of captopress and novopassit in forensic chemical analysis of cadaveric material

A method for identification of captopress and novopassit in drugs and biological objects is suggested. These agents are isolated by 90% ethanol or chloroform mixture with isopropanol. 11 color tests and thin-layer chromatography are suggested for identification. The threshold level of captopress detection is 0.1 mg%, that of novopassit 5 mg%.     

A method for researching the fauna in the forensic medical expertise on a corpse

Process of fauna investigation in medicolegal examination of putrefactive and skeletonized bodies is subdivided into several stages connected with collection of evidence material at the scene of cadaver discovery, with laboratory analysis, getting of additional data, evaluation of investigation results and reasoning of conclusions.     

Estimation of explosive charge mass used for explosions on concrete surface for the forensic purpose

The method of choice used by most terrorists for achieving political goals remains the utilization of explosive devices and there is always visible evidence at a crime scene after the deployment of such devices. Given favorable circumstances, forensic analysis can determine the cause of the explosion — the type of the explosive device, the means of detonation, the type and mass of the explosive charge that has been used and perhaps provide information to lead to the identity of the individual who may have constructed or deployed the explosive device, etc. Evidence of an explosion may take the form of a crater or other damage which may provide some information facilitating and estimating the mass of explosive material used. This paper reports the findings obtained by performing experimental explosions of known charges on a concrete surface, in order to establish the correlation between the charge weight and the effects of the explosion. Known masses of explosives were fired and the dimensions of craters made by explosions were measured. Five empirical equations for estimation of the explosive charge mass from crater dimensions were used.     

Peculiarities of the forensic medical expertise of the head trauma in children

One hundred and forty (140) medicolegal reports were analyzed in cases of non-lethal trauma of the head in children and teenagers. The specificity of the clinical pattern related with the anatomic-and-physiological peculiarities of child's body was defined. The forensic-medical expertise in such damages needs an elaboration of diagnostic criteria (e.g. an interim stage in craniocerebral trauma) that would be valuable both for medico-legal experts and for neurologists; besides, there is also a need in using the modern methods of neuro-visualization.     

Topical issues of organisation and implementation of forensic medical expertise

The shaped-up experience of management and implementation of expertise as applicable to civil and criminal cases and with respect to the requirements of new legislative acts was analyzed. Issues connected with composing a commission of experts, with the range of competence of forensic medical expert and of clinical practitioner, as well as with the content and form of the expert conclusions are under discussion.     

Development of forensic medical expertise of sexual conditions in men

The necessity of new methodological approaches in forensic medical examination of sexual male conditions are discussed basing on the analysis of questionnaire surveys of isolated groups of men and forensic medical examinations of male victims accused of sexual crimes. How to update expertise of sexual male conditions including investigations of anorectal and erectile dysfunctions in shown.     

The forensic medical expertise of acute local radiation trauma]

Informative diagnostical criteria of medicolegal evaluation and prognosis of corporal lesion gravity in case of acute local radiation trauma as well as algorithm of medicolegal diagnostical process concerning these lesions with reference to external radiation exposure, kind of injuring factor, differential-diagnostical signs of acute local radiation trauma are suggested. They make it possible to formulate medicolegal diagnosis and can form the basis for developing diagnostical programmes.