评西方国家公共服务改革

西方工业化国家通过改革传统的公共服务供给的垄断模式,推行公共服务的市场化取得了良好的效果,其改革的理念、理论、方法对我国政府具有借鉴价值。本文通过分析西方国家公共服务改革的基本经验,提出我国公共服务改革的具体对策,就进一步推进公共服务改革提出了一些设想。     

加快推进基本公共服务均等化的改革举措

加快推进基本公共服务均等化是我国国家治理现代化的主要体现,是新时代民生建设的重要内容,是履行政府公共责任的有效途径。目前,我国加快推进基本公共服务均等化,要运用现代化制度建设理论和政治学政府职能理论,在科学分析我国基本公共服务体系现状的基础上,从转变政府职能、构建科学的制度体系、提高政府公共服务基本能力等方面着手进一步深化改革。     

基本公共服务均等化:共享改革发展成果的关键

当前我国推进基本公共服务均等化,是实现人人共享改革发展成果的制度安排,也是实现社会基本平等和解决民生问题的现实需要。由于受历史和现实条件的限制,我国基本公共服务均等化同时面临着政府基本公共服务"供给不均"和公众对基本公共服务"享受不均"等一系列挑战。为维护社会公平正义,必须推进基本公共服务均等化,以实现共享社会发展成果的目标。     

地方政府公共服务供给侧改革研究

地方政府作为国家重要组成机构,承载着公共服务的重要职能,是国家公共服务的核心体现和基础。伴随着公共需求的发展与变化,公共服务需求与供给之间矛盾突出,对地方政府公共服务提出了新的挑战。将供给侧改革引入地方政府公共服务领域,通过供给端改革发力向需求端传导,是实现公共服务供需均衡,提升公共服务效率的创新途径。地方政府公共服务供给侧改革的关键是明确公共服务供给侧改革的价值取向与供给主体定位,以良性协作、达成行动为归依,利用社会与市场机制完善资源配置,调整供给结构,提高供给主体的供给能力,构建政府、市场与社会间多元供给机制,完善供给侧改革的配套机制,以供给侧改革促进供需平衡,实现供需"双到位"。     

协作视角下基层公共服务供给侧改革的动态分析

经济发展新常态下,公共服务供给侧改革是全面深化改革的重要组成部分,更关系社会治理的有效性。从协作性公共管理学的视角,以基层公共服务供给侧改革为分析对象,深入探讨政府、社会和市场之间的多重协作关系。进而基于协作生命周期理论,对基层公共服务供给侧改革进行了四个阶段的划分,即公共服务内卷化、政府和社会相互依赖以及基本协作要件形成为特征的前协作期;以一核多元主体关系和项目制、岗位制因地制宜运作为特征的协作初期;以复杂网络关系为特征的平等合作的协作规范期;以协作的传承和终结为内容的协作后期四个基本阶段。     

保障性住房建设与政府公共服务改革路径探析

充分保障中低收入阶层住房问题、提供保障性住房是保障民生的焦点所在。政府行为的优化是完善保障性住房体制的重要前提与保障。政府全方位公共服务改革举措如下:完善保障性住房制度体系;制定长远整体性战略政策规划;建立专门管理机构;转变政府职能;树立以人为本的服务理念;健全政府运行激励机制。     

从新公共管理理论走向新公共服务理论——对我国公共服务改革和发展的启示

中国公共服务的改革与发展离不开科学的理论支撑。我国公共服务的理论基础,主要是移植而来的国外新公共管理和新公共服务理论。对此,我国各级政府应该坚持明辨慎思的理论品格,在深刻洞察和理解的基础上,予以适度借鉴。     

公共服务财权配置的问题分析与改革策略

公共服务的财权配置应根据市场经济条件下,各级政府的公共服务职能来确定,合理划分中央与地方的财权,适当安排政府间关于公共服务的财政收支,使各级政府的财权与事权相匹配.分税制确立了各级政府财权划分的基本格局,实践中政府间财政支出的结构不尽合理.税权高度集中,财权层层上移,转移支付失当,基层政府财力趋微,导致各级政府财权与事权不匹配.公共服务的事权配置是财权配置的基础,而财权配置又是事权履行的保证.改革政府间的财权配置应该合理划分政府间税收权限,改革转移支付制度.同时,扩大公共服务机构融资渠道,化解基层政府的财政风险,建立协调发展基金.     

中国基本公共服务均等化改革面临的挑战及其路径选择

由于我国的基本公共服务均等化改革涉及的人口之多、地区之广、内容之多、目标之难在世界来说是绝无仅有的,因而必将面临巨大的压力和挑战。     

公共需求管理与公共服务标准化

公共服务标准化建设是服务型政府建设的一个重要发展阶段,它是与公共需求的变化相适应的。本文把人的需要分为生存型需要、安全型需要、享受型需要和发展型需要。中国目前公共需求正从生存型向安全型、享受型、发展型转变,政府公共服务精细化、标准化是这一需要变化的必然要求。政府应通过了解需求、整合需求和引导需求,推进公共服务标准化建设,提升公共服务水平。     

论基层公共服务型政府模式的构建路径

十七届五中全会报告指出,加强农村基层基础设施建设和公共服务,逐步完善符合国情、比较完整、覆盖城乡、可持续的基本公共服务体系,推进基本公共服务均等化,建设服务型政府,是当前的一个主攻方向。目前我国政府仍存在公共服务投入过少、供给总量不足、效率不高,不到位、公共服务在地区、比例上失衡和公共政策能力缺陷等问题,这种问题在社会不断进步发展的今天下就会愈加突出。特别在基层政府中,由于它最为直接地与公民相连,亟须改善的要求显得尤为迫切。我国各基层政府不尽相同,各地经济政治人文素养状况差异又较大,特色明显,如何为基层政府选择合理的公共服务型模式并为之构思筑建已成为当前重要的课题。     

Future Public Service Capacity: Employment of Young People into Australian Public Services during the GFC

Public services face several workforce challenges, including impending retirements and austerity programs. Although employing more young people is a likely solution to balancing the demographic profile of public services, the literature and theory suggest that young people would have fared worse during the global financial crisis. This research tests propositions around the vulnerability of young people in selected Australian public services during the global financial crisis, in terms of quantity and quality of jobs obtained. Surprisingly, the findings suggest that many young people fared as well or sometimes better than other age cohorts during the global financial crisis in terms of both recruitment and access to ongoing jobs. There are several indications that perhaps public services provided a safe haven in a turbulent labour market.     

Forgoing New Public Management and Adopting Post‐New Public Management Principles: The On‐Going Civil Service Reform in Israel

Since the 1980s, New Public Management (NPM) and post‐NPM reforms have dominated attempts to improve public administration. The literature suggests several reasons for the latter approach. However, these explanations seem to be less relevant to the ongoing civil service reforms in Israel. The Israeli experience is an example where NPM reforms did not occur, but post‐NPM reforms were adopted enthusiastically decades later. Our findings demonstrate how under the structural conditions of both non‐governability and bureaucratic centralization, post‐NPM reforms may provide an attractive layering strategy, offering the option of changing certain features of the system without requiring a drastic, comprehensive overhaul of it. Once Israeli decision makers decided that there was a real public demand for reform, and long‐term learning and diffusion processes convinced them that change was needed, the characteristics of the post‐NPM approach made it much easier politically for them to adopt. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

From Rhetoric to Blueprint: The Moran Review as a Concerted,Comprehensive and Emergent Strategy for Public Service Reform

On 3 September 2009, Prime Minister Rudd announced a six‐month Review of Australian Government Administration. He appointed an Advisory Group chaired by Terry Moran, Secretary of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, to prepare a discussion paper, oversee a benchmarking study and consultations, and craft a blueprint to reform the Australian Public Service (APS) in order to deal with future governance challenges. The vision is to develop a forward‐looking, innovative, collaborative, citizen‐focused, agile, informed and highly‐skilled APS to advise and deliver policy and services for government. Ahead of the Game, a comprehensive Blueprint for action, was released on 29 March 2010. This article provides a high‐level review of motivations and process for the Moran Review, an overview of the Blueprint, an assessment of the strategy and process, and suggestions for moving forward on selected issues.     

Craft and Capacity in the Public Service

Over the past 8 years, debates about Australia's public service have evolved from being focused mainly on skills and capacities to being now increasingly concerned about the operating environment for career officials, their ability to fulfil their stewardship obligations, and to practice their ‘craft’. In this article, I track those changes and ask what is the craft of public administration? How should we understand it? Are concerns it is imperilled or has been lost valid or overblown? I draw on the observations of current and former senior officials, and the findings of recent Capability Reviews. My primary focus is on the Australian Public Service, because here is where the debate has been most public and direct. I note that the focus of concern has shifted from public servants towards ministers, who have been largely absent from public sector reform initiatives of the past 40 years.     

论新公共服务理论对新公共管理理论的传承与超越

根据库恩的科学范式转换的观点,目前公共行政领域的两种范式:新公共管理范式和新公共服务范式。两种范式的关系并非替代而是传承与超越的关系,这种关系可以通过他们对理性的关注、对参与的关注、对组织弹性化改革与放松管制的态度的比较来说明。了解两种范式的关系对于解决我国目前建设服务型政府中的一些理论和实践困惑有指导意义,提示我们对新公共管理的成果是批判继承而不是抛弃,最终实现公平、公共利益和效率效能价值的统一。     

新公共服务对新公共管理的批判与超越：——中国服务型政府建设路向分析

服务型政府是对政府职能的重新审视和定位,其实质是贯彻＂以人为本＂理念的制度架构。不仅有新公共管理所关注的如何从组织技术和管理手段等操作层面上改进公共服务效率的问题,更涉及到政府与公民关系的宪政民主主义的重构,涉及到公共行政的理念转变与制度创新。以新公共服务为代表的民主治理理论突破了新公共管理＂管理主义＂思维的窠臼,指出了一条通过政府与社会、公民关系的民主化治理模式的重构,推进公共行政改革,为服务型政府建设指明了正确的改革方向。     

Destroying one Public Service Bargain Without Making Another: A Comment on Lowe and Pemberton,The Official History of the British Civil Service,Volume II: 1982–1997

This article responds to Lowe and Pemberton's second volume on the history of the civil service and analyses fundamental shifts in British governance at the centre that occurred during the 1980s and 1990s. The traditional ‘public service bargain’ (PSB) that underpinned the relationship between ministers and officials has been repeatedly undermined. The article examines how far prior civil service reforms relate to the changes of the contemporary era instigated by Conservative‐led governments since 2010. As Lowe and Pemberton's work illustrates, the impulse to reform the state and the managerial reforms it unleashed were long in the making. Their legacy can be traced to the emergence of Thatcherism after 1979. The core argument of the article is that the more recent efforts of the Johnson administration to transform the state and undermine the PBS were scarcely original. Rather, they consolidated and drew upon earlier initiatives.     

新公共管理：反思、批判与超越——兼评新公共服务理论

通过采用企业化政府的理念,新公共管理提高了效率,但也导致了公共性、公平、责任、价值诉求等公共管理价值的缺失.通过对新公共管理的反思和批判以及对新公共服务的理论基础、原则和内容的介绍,说明新公共服务在理论基础、价值选择、政府责任、公民精神方面不仅可以弥补和纠正新公共管理的偏颇,并可以替代新公共管理成为公共管理的发展趋势.