等位基因特异性PCR技术及其法医学应用

等位基因特异性PCR（allele-specific polymerase chain reaction,AS-PCR）是一种基于等位基因特异性引物引导的PCR技术,可以有效地分析单核苷酸多态性（SNP）,包括碱基的转换、颠换以及插入/缺失多态性,在疾病研究、分子诊断以及法医物证学研究中具有很好的应用价值.本文系统地综述了AS-PCR技术的原理、检测手段、改进方法及在常染色体、Y染色体和线粒体SNP等领域的研究成果,探讨其法医学应用价值.     

DNA分子标记技术在法医植物学中的应用

法医植物学是一门研究与法律事件相关的植物证据的科学。植物物证的DNA分子标记技术是近年来法医植物学研究的主要方向。本文系统地综述了目前应用于法医植物学中的各种DNA分子标记技术，对这些方法的实际应用案例以及可能应用方向进行列举，最后总结出这些分子生物学技术相较于传统植物形态分类方法的优点。     

宏基因组学在法医学鉴定中的应用

随着分子生物学与基因组学的发展,宏基因组学在法医学与法医学鉴定中逐渐扮演着重要的角色。近年来,宏基因组学作为研究环境微生物菌群构成与多样性、各成员之间相互关系及与环境之间相互关系的分支学科,在法医学鉴定相关领域的应用也逐渐兴起,并带来了新的契机。本文对宏基因组学研究策略及其在法医学鉴定中个体识别、案发现场生物斑迹来源鉴定及药物滥用检测等方面的应用现状进行了综述,旨在进一步阐明宏基因组学在法医学中的作用与应用价值。     

虚拟解剖技术在法医学中的应用

虚拟解剖是一种非侵入性的新型“解剖”技术,它利用影像学技术构建人体器官组织的三维立体图像,为判断死亡原因和死亡方式提供线索。由于这一技术具有无侵入性、客观、准确的特点,目前已成为发达国家法医病理学的研究热点。本文对虚拟解剖技术的原理、优缺点、研究进展及在我国开展研究应用的可行性进行综述。     

焦磷酸测序技术分析单核苷酸多态性在法医学中的应用

单核苷酸多态性（SNP）是新一代的法医学遗传标记,有望成为法医实践中解决高度降解检材及特殊案件DNA鉴定的重要工具。近年来涌现出许多高通量的SNP分析方法,如引物延伸结合时间飞行质谱分析法、微测序法、SNP lex以及焦磷酸测序法等。本文重点对焦磷酸测序技术的原理、步骤及其在法医学中的应用进展进行简要的综述。     

构建我国计算机仿真取证标准的思考

得益于虚拟仿真技术的发展,计算机仿真取证目前已在我国悄然兴起,其可以很大程度上弥补传统静态取证证据获取能力之不足,但由于适用环境条件不成熟,仿真取证的司法应用问题一直未能解决。有鉴于此,从技术、法律和程序三个方面分析了仿真取证司法应用过程中亟待解决的问题,同时对仿真取证的法律、技术和程序标准的内容进行了系统构思。     

RNA在法医学领域中的应用及研究进展

随着分子生物学的发展,遗传学证据在法庭科学领域的应用也愈加广泛.DNA技术已经在个体识别和亲权鉴定中发挥着重要作用,而RNA技术正表现出越来越广泛的应用前景.本文就RNA在推断死亡时间、血痕形成时间、损伤形成时间、死亡原因及体液来源等领域的应用进行综述.     

影像医学在法医学中的应用

个体识别在法庭科学调查中一直是重要的工作,它包括:性别、身高、年龄的推断等。在法庭科学领域中利用影像医学技术进行个体识别,在准确性、实用性方面有特别的意义。本文目的旨在通过广泛系统地回顾国内外法庭科学中的影像学应用,了解现有医学影像技术在法庭科学应用中的优点和不足之处,为进一步完善医学影像学在法庭科学中的应用提供参考。     

法医牙科学研究进展CSCD

法医牙科学是法医学与口腔医学的交叉学科,通过科学地收集、检测、评价牙科证据而为司法实践提供有法律效力的证明资料。本文从年龄推断,性别推断,种族、职业及生活习惯推断,个体识别,家庭暴力或虐待行为判定等方面对法医牙科学的应用现状进行综述,并对其未来应用进行展望,希望对法医牙科学体系进行不断的补充和完善,使其在法医学甚至司法实践中更好地发挥作用。     

Über Methoden zur Darstellung von latenten Fingerabdrücken auf der menschlichen Haut

Five methods are described for the detection of latent fingerprints on human skin: the X-ray method, the application of laser radiation, the iodine-silver plate transfer method, development with iron powder and Dakty-foil, as well as the photographic paper lift technique. Experiences with the application of these methods in forensic investigations are reported, and impeding factors are outlined. The simpler methods (the detection of such prints with iron powder and Dakty-foil as well as the photographic paper lift technique) are to be preferred for the investigation at the scene of the crime.     

Testing the performance of mtSNP minisequencing in forensic samples

There is a growing interest among forensic geneticists in developing efficient protocols for genotyping coding region mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) SNPs (mtSNPs). Minisequencing is becoming a popular method for SNP genotyping, but it is still used by few forensic laboratories. In part, this is due to the lack of studies testing its efficiency and reproducibility when applied to real and complex forensic samples. Here we tested a minisequencing design that consists of 71 mtSNPs (in three multiplexes) that are diagnostic of known branches of the R0 phylogeny, in real forensic samples, including degraded bones and teeth, hair shafts, and serial dilutions. The fact that amplicons are short coupled with the natural efficiency of the minisequencing technique allow these assays to perform well with all the samples tested either degraded and/or those containing low DNA amount. We did not observe phylogenetic inconsistencies in the 71 mtSNP haplotypes generated, indicating that the technique is robust against potential artefacts that could arise from unintended contamination and/or spurious amplification of nuclear mtDNA pseudogenes (NUMTs).     

二代测序技术在法医遗传学中的应用研究进展(2011～2016)

对生物检材进行DNA分型是解决法医遗传学实践中个体识别和亲权鉴定问题的重要步骤,法医学实践中复杂生物检材和复杂亲缘关系鉴定等一直是现有的检测分析技术的难点和挑战。随着DNA技术的发展,新的检测分析技术不断引入到法医遗传学领域,以期提高检测效能。二代测序技术具有测序通量高、成本低等特点,能够获得样本DNA详细序列和相对含量等信息,有助于生物检材的检测和案件的分析。二代测序技术在法医遗传学领域的应用受到广泛关注,相关的应用研究逐渐增多。本文就目前法医遗传学领域借助二代测序技术对遗传标记分析的研究进展进行总结,希望能为相关研究和应用提供参考。     

Validation studies of the ParaDNA® Intelligence System with artificial evidence items

Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is one of the mostly used systems for forensic applications. In certain circumstances, STR profiling is time-consuming and costly, which potentially leads to delays in criminal investigations. LGC (Laboratory of the Government Chemist, UK) Forensics has developed a robust STR profiling platform called the ParaDNA^® Intelligence Test System which can provide early tactical intelligence and aid investigators in making informed decisions on sample prioritization for detection. Here, we validated the ParaDNA intelligence test for its application in forensic cases using a range of mock evidence items following guidelines set by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). Specifically, we tested the sensitivity and accuracy of the ParaDNA intelligence test, as well as the success rates for detecting mock samples and for use in case scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that the ParaDNA intelligence test generates useful DNA profiles, especially for samples such as blood, saliva, and semen that contain ample DNA, indicating the benefits of including ParaDNA as a prior step in forensic STR profiling pipelines.     

汽车碰撞中乘员损伤成因分析与计算机仿真研究

目的运用计算机仿真技术模拟汽车碰撞过程,为法医学鉴定及交通事故处理提供参考依据。方法通过对汽车碰撞中乘员损伤成因分析及车辆痕迹检验,建立有效的人体、车辆仿真模型,利用动量冲量法与多刚体动力学结合仿真求解乘员运动模式,客观再现乘员交通伤特点。结果计算机仿真汽车碰撞过程中,人体模型上碰撞部位的分布符合法医学检验所得结果。结论计算机仿真求解乘员交通伤的方法在法医学鉴定和事故责任认定中具有参考价值。     

19个常染色体与4个Y染色体STR复合扩增体系的建立

目的建立19个常染色体STR及Amelogenin和4个Y染色体STR基因座复合扩增体系,并对其效能进行评估。方法用五色荧光标记20＋4Y—STR基因座,建立同步扩增检测体系,用ABI3130XL遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行电泳,GeneMapperID3．2软件进行基因分型;检测体系的灵敏度、均衡性、稳定性、特异性、同一性和稳定性,并观察混合、降解及微量检材的分型情况。结果采用本文体系,DNA模板量在0．05～1．00ng时,分型准确,均衡性、特异性好;混合、降解及微量检材分型正确。该19个常染色体STR基因座的累计个人识别率大于0．999999999,三联体累计非父排除率达0．999999985,Y—STR单倍型多态性为0．592。结论本文建立的复合扩增体系分型准确,稳定,在法医学案件检验及数据库建设等方面有良好的应用前景。     

Forensic Analysis of Explosives Using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS)—Part 1: Instrument Validation of the DELTAplusXP IRMS for Bulk Nitrogen Isotope Ratio Measurements

Abstract: A significant amount of research has been conducted into the use of stable isotopes to assist in determining the origin of various materials. The research conducted in the forensic field shows the potential of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to provide a level of discrimination not achievable utilizing traditional forensic techniques. Despite the research there have been few, if any, publications addressing the validation and measurement uncertainty of the technique for forensic applications. This study, the first in a planned series, presents validation data for the measurement of bulk nitrogen isotope ratios in ammonium nitrate (AN) using the DELTA^plusXP (Thermo Finnigan) IRMS instrument equipped with a ConFlo III interface and FlashEA? 1112 elemental analyzer (EA). Appropriate laboratory standards, analytical methods and correction calculations were developed and evaluated. A validation protocol was developed in line with the guidelines provided by the National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia (NATA). Performance characteristics including: accuracy, precision/repeatability, reproducibility/ruggedness, robustness, linear range, and measurement uncertainty were evaluated for the measurement of nitrogen isotope ratios in AN. AN (99.5%) and ammonium thiocyanate (99.99+%) were determined to be the most suitable laboratory standards and were calibrated against international standards (certified reference materials). All performance characteristics were within an acceptable range when potential uncertainties, including the manufacturer’s uncertainty of the technique and standards, were taken into account. The experiments described in this article could be used as a model for validation of other instruments for similar purposes. Later studies in this series will address the more general issue of demonstrating that the IRMS technique is scientifically sound and fit‐for‐purpose in the forensic explosives analysis field.     

microRNAs及其法医学应用前景

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类内源性的非编码小分子RNA,平均长度约22nt,广泛存在于各种真核细胞中,并参与调节细胞生长发育、分化、凋亡、衰老、疾病及肿瘤的发生等众多重要生命活动。基于其生物学功能,miRNAs可能在法医学体液来源鉴定、个体年龄推断、同卵双生子甄别等方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

The distal humerus--a blind test of Rogers' sexing technique using a documented skeletal collection

Continuous monitoring of existing methods of skeletal diagnosis allows improving the reliability of personal identification in forensic and archaeological contexts. This study reports on a blind test re-evaluating the sexing technique proposed by Rogers (8) involving the distal humerus. A total of 351 humeri (184 male, 167 female specimens) from the documented skeletal assemblage of St. Bride's, London, was analyzed for the following traits: trochlear constriction, trochlear symmetry, olecranon fossa shape, and angle of the medial epicondyle. Individual traits showed substantial sex-discriminatory capacity, with "olecranon fossa shape" being most consistently accurate (84.6%) in predicting sex. The combination of all four traits provided an overall accuracy of 79.1%, including those individuals assessed as "probable" male and female. This renders the technique useful for forensic applications. The distal humerus can be recommended for sex assessment in addition to more established markers, especially since this part of the skeleton is frequently well preserved.     

域外毒品鉴定错案成因分析与防范借鉴

近年来,域外毒品鉴定错案高发,深刻暴露出毒品鉴定管理的内源性问题,值得我国相关领域工作人员借鉴。本文首先概述了毒品鉴定的特点;其次,根据近年来美国、加拿大、英国等地出现的典型毒品鉴定错案,对相关成因做系统梳理,为提升毒品鉴定管理质量、降低毒品鉴定错案的负面影响提供参考依据。本文将鉴定错案分为"错误"和"失误"两大类,并提出了通过提升实验室内部管理、加强实验室外部监督以及落实鉴定意见的质证认证等环节,预防毒品鉴定错案的系统方法。对于防范毒物毒品错案的发生具有重要的参照意义。