Conditions for gender equality in police leadership – making way for senior police women

This paper aims to analyse and discuss conditions for gender equality in police leadership. This is done by interviewing 28 sworn police leaders in Sweden, and using a doing gender perspective for analyses. The results show that women and, to a greater extent, men in police leadership do gender traditionally. Explanations for the lack of female leaders and strategies for increasing the number of female leaders are shown to either focus on women as individuals (mostly men) or organisational structure and culture (mostly women). Further, strategies to reach gender equality goals are critically examined. These could be used to create concrete diversity and equality work within police and other organisations. Whether or not quantitative gender equality work (raising the number of females in leadership positions) can create changes in qualitative gender equality (the learning of new norms to change experiences of inclusion and exclusion in relation to gender) is discussed.     

Surrendering Solidarity

Abstract

Previous literature on women working in corrections suggests that male coworkers, supervisors, and inmates are hostile and resistant toward female correctional officers (COs). Although this research provides insight into the female CO position, these studies only contemplate the influence of male coworkers, supervisors, and inmates. Little research takes into account the impact that other women working in corrections have on the female CO position. This paper considers this missing link through two research questions. First, “How do female COs view other women in corrections?” and second, “In what ways do these viewpoints influence the female CO position?” Twelve in-depth interviews conducted with female COs are utilized to answer these questions. Results indicate that participants viewed other women in corrections negatively. These viewpoints influenced the female CO position by furthering the “ultra-masculine” nature of the prison that rewards masculinity and discourages femininity.     

性别视角的转换和女性主体性的“滑落”——女性文学从小说到影视的文化反思

女性作家的小说改编成影视作品已经成为一个重要的文化现象.从小说到影视作品,前者通常有一个女性立场,表现出一种鲜明的女性意识.而后者则代之以或"隐"或"显"的男性视角,女性立场往往被消解了,具有时代进步色彩的女性意识被抹煞了.这一现象的出现有其必然性.以男权文化为底蕴的大众审美心理和接受视野的存在,是造成这一文化现象的根本原因.21世纪的中国影视创作,理应反映出时代的审美理想和女性意识的新的高度.     

Some Issues in Aboriginal Justice Research:

The over-representation of Aboriginal people in the Canadian criminal justice system is the context within which the particular case of Aboriginal women is explored. This paper provides an explanation for the incidence and types of crime of Aboriginal women in order to identify the need to better understand the theoretical and methodological issues in the relationship of Aboriginal people to the broader society, in general, and to the criminal justice system is particular.     

RACE,CODE OF THE STREET,AND VIOLENT DELINQUENCY: A MULTILEVEL INVESTIGATION OF NEIGHBORHOOD STREET CULTURE AND INDIVIDUAL NORMS OF VIOLENCE*

The study outlined in this article drew on Elijah Anderson's (1999) code of the street perspective to examine the impact of neighborhood street culture on violent delinquency. Using data from more than 700 African American adolescents, we examined 1) whether neighborhood street culture predicts adolescent violence above and beyond an adolescent's own street code values and 2) whether neighborhood street culture moderates individual-level street code values on adolescent violence. Consistent with Anderson's hypotheses, neighborhood street culture significantly predicts violent delinquency independent of individual-level street code effects. Additionally, neighborhood street culture moderates individual-level street code values on violence in neighborhoods where the street culture is widespread. In particular, the effect of street code values on violence is enhanced in neighborhoods where the street culture is endorsed widely.     

Management Strategies When Working with Female Prisoners

Abstract

Scholars and practitioners have noted the potential for using understanding and language about the unique needs of women offenders to justify special controls over them in the prison setting. Using data from a national study of innovative management and programming strategies among correctional administrators, the present research examines management approaches needed for women, with a focus on the degree to which some administrators use stereotypes and/or perceived needs of women offenders in their rationale for choosing particular management strategies. Approximately 80 percent of the respondents reported that there is a need to use different management techniques for male and female prisoners. About half of these respondents noted that these differing management techniques are related to interpersonal skills and communication followed by programming needs and differences in general needs.     

“Women’s Inhumanity Towards Women?” Treatment of Female Crime Suspects by Female Officers of the Nigerian Police

This article presents findings from a new qualitative study of female offenders’ interactions with Nigerian policewomen. Against the position of policing literature and feminists and gender advocates that abusive treatment of female arrestees is a function of policemen’s misconduct, this study exposes the active roles played by policewomen in inflicting violence on female detainees. We argue therefore that the mere increase in number and participation of policewomen in the criminal justice system will not address the violent treatment of female suspects; rather, the restructuring of the power dynamics in the police that currently subjects policewomen to the definitions, acceptance, and approval of male-dominant superiors is required.     

文化事业全面繁荣与文化产业快速发展

党的十八大报告指出：＂推动文化事业全面繁荣、文化产业快速发展＂,科学地阐明了文化事业与文化产业之间的相互关系。因此,深刻理解党的十八大报告中关于文化事业全面繁荣与文化产业快速发展的论断,在实践中把握好二者的关系,是推动文化事业全面繁荣、文化产业快速发展的重要保证。     

The organisation of London's street gangs

This article examines a grossly neglected area of the street gang literature: the nature and extent of gang organisation. Based upon fieldwork with gangs in London, UK, this article illustrates how recreation, crime, and enterprise are not specific gang ‘types’, but rather represent sequential stages in the evolutionary cycle of gangs. This article demonstrates not only how gangs typically begin life as neighbourhood-based peer groups, but also how, in response to external threats and financial commitments, gangs grow to incorporate street-level drug distribution businesses that very much resemble the multi-level marketing structure of direct-selling companies. Gang organisation, in turn, becomes a function of gang business. Gang organisation is conceptualised here on three levels: internal, external, and symbolic. This article examines, respectively, the presence of subgroups, hierarchy and leadership, incentives, rules, responsibilities, and punishments within gangs; how gangs interact with the local and larger community; and how gangs associate with symbolic elements of popular culture in order to convey reputation and achieve intimidation.     

探析我国文化体制改革的新发展

当前,我国文化发展的环境和条件发生了深刻的变化,只有加快文化体制改革的步伐,才能冲破传统体制束缚,使文化更具活力和竞争力;才能有效地利用和开发现有的文化资源,借助文化建设夯实社会凝聚力。本文归纳了改革开放以来我国文化建设和文化体制改革取得的成绩,分析了当前我国文化体制改革存在的问题,并提出了相应建议,以期对我国文化体制改革的发展有所裨益。     

论文化法的基本原则

文化法基本原则的确立需要以其基本宗旨为基础、合乎文化现象之规律、公共管理之原则,并尊重产业发展的市场准则。文化法的基本原则应该包括文化自由原则、切实公平享用原则、产业促进原则、文化多样性原则以及精神价值优先原则。同时,这些原则还衍生了非歧视性原则、文化主权原则等。其中,文化自由原则是文化法律实践的逻辑原点,切实公平的文化享用是文化法制与政策追求的最终目标,精神价值优先、文化多样性是对文化本质属性与功能的体现,文化产业促进则是为实现其他原则所必要的工具性原则。多项原则作为一个体系,服务于文化法律实践的最终目标。     

Gender differences in gang participation,delinquency, and substance use

The purpose of this paper is to respond to gaps in our knowledge about patterns of female gang participation and its causes and consequences. Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a panel study that overrepresents adolescents at high risk for delinquency, are used to compare gang participation and delinquent involvement of female and male adolescents. We then examine the role of theoretical variables associated with both female and male gang membership. The results lead us to conclude that, for females as well as males, involvement in gangs is associated with substantially increased levels of delinquency and substance use. There is also some similarity in the factors associated with gang membership for both sexes, although lack of school success emerges as a factor of particular salience for female adolescents. The results suggest that theory and intervention need to address the phenomenon of female gang membership as an important component of urban youth problems.Authors' names are listed in alphabetical order.