By‐laws of I.A.I.

The launch of the Eastern Partnership (EaP) marks the most significant change to the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) since it was launched in 2004. In the wake of the Georgia war in August 2008 and yet another gas crisis in January 2009, the EU clearly needs a more constructive policy towards Eastern Europe. But both the ENP and EaP are based on a contradiction. They offer only the remotest possibility of eventual accession to the EU, but are still based on “accession-light” assumptions, applying the conditionality model of the 1990s to weak states that are a long way from meeting the Copenhagen criteria. The priority in the eastern neighbourhood is not building potential members states but strengthening sovereignty, in the face of an increasingly assertive Russian neighbourhood policy. The game is playing the west off against Russia for geopolitical reward.     

“I know! I live here”: poor women and the work of empowerment

To trace the effects of empowerment programmes in the Global South, attention needs to be focused on the everyday practices of frontline staff, or fieldworkers, who convey empowerment ideas and practices at the grassroots. This is especially critical when fieldworkers work in the marginalised communities where they also live. Instead of looking outward towards a programme’s outcomes, this article turns inward to examine the impact of women fieldworkers’ dual experiences of development on their decisions and practices in the field. The ethnography of women fieldworkers in a government-led women’s empowerment programme for the poor in Delhi, India reveals the uneasy relationship of women’s empowerment to the larger contradictory development paradigm that they work within. Fieldworkers used their experiences as poor women to meet programme quotas, while also side-lining social change in favour of shielding clients from ineffective programme activities.     

Prospect on the World Trend 2005 （I）

s ince the " Forecasting the World Scene in 2003 " and "Forecasting the World Scene in 2004" were published in the last two years, we have received surprisingly hearty repercussions from our readers. Though diversified, most responses are affirmative, appreciative and inspiring. They have strengthened our confidence and brought us pressure too. Indeed, it is by no means easy to abstract the trends of the ever-changing world, no wonder scholars of international studies frequently sigh with be…     

TZ—I型兽用电子听诊器的研制

自从1816年法国医生兰尼克(Laenec)首创木制单筒听诊器以来,利用管道传声原理而制成的导管式听诊器作为临床诊断的重要器械一直流传至今。然而,普通导管听诊器存在一些固有的缺陷:它所听取的体内音(如心音、呼吸音、胃肠蠕动音以及胎心音等)是不完全的。据有关研究人员指出,普通听诊器所能听取人的体内音仅占十分之一;在兽医临床听诊时,由于牲畜皮毛的影响,特别是一些脂肪层较厚的动物,阻碍了体内音向外传输,造成     

The Post-9/11 World and China(I)

Editor's note:The terroristattack on September11, 2001 is the mostnotable e-vent that has taken place since the end of the Cold War. On the fifthanniversary of the September 11 attacks, the editorial department ofContemporary International Relationssponso…     

猪脑心肌炎病毒SYBR Green I real-time PCR检测方法的建立

针对猪脑心肌炎病毒(EMCV)VP1基因序列设计并合成了l对引物,以构建的含有该引物扩增序列的重组质粒作为阳性标准品,建立了检测EMCV核酸的SYBR Green I real-time PCR方法.检测结果显示,该方法线性关系好,标准曲线的相关系数达到0.991;对初始模板的检出下限为1×101copies/μL,比常规PCR方法高100倍;与其他猪源病毒,如口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)、猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)均不发生交叉反应;组内与组间的变异系数均小于3%.应用建立的方法检测了17份临床可疑病例的心、脑组织样本,结果1份为阳性.表明,建立的real-time PCR检测方法灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好,可以用于EMCV的病原检测及定量分析.     

Dr Livingstone,I Presume? Evangelicals,Africa and Faith-Based Humanitarianism

Humanitarianism is a principal means through which Northern-based Christian groups intervene into sub-Saharan African states. However, current scholarship neglects the agentive roles played by religious actors in the delivery of mainstream aid. This secularises humanitarian governance, “others” religious actors and supports the portrayal of global aid as a technical-rational project, against which faith-based humanitarianism appears inherently suspect. In the post-Cold War period, the Northern-based evangelical community has intensified its support for emergency aid. Professional evangelical relief organisations disproportionately account for the delivery of faith-based humanitarianism. Yet few analyses explore their micro-political and sociological dimensions. Drawing primarily on fieldwork conducted in Juba, South Sudan, I argue that evangelical humanitarianism encompasses overlapping and sometimes competing “religious” and “emergency” imaginaries. Through these, evangelicals are shaped by, negotiate and respond to the structural, normalising and pragmatic pressures of the mainstream humanitarian field. In order to understand how faith-based humanitarianism differs from secular variants—politically, practically, organisationally, ethically—it needs to be analysed as part of the heterogeneous whole of global humanitarianism. I join recent scholarship in arguing for more in-depth analyses of the social dimensions of faith-based aid. Doing so sheds light onto dynamics that cross-cut global humanitarianism in its entirety.     

I群禽腺病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中Ⅰ群禽腺病毒六邻体基因的保守序列设计了1对引物,建立了检测Ⅰ群禽腺病毒12个血清型的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光PCR方法.用Ⅰ群禽腺病毒阳性样品进行了特异性、敏感性和重复性试验.结果显示,该方法可检测到每个反应相当于1×102个拷贝的标准品DNA,与鸡减蛋综合征病毒、禽呼肠孤病毒、传染性腔上囊炎病毒和传染性支气管炎病毒等非Ⅰ群禽腺病毒不发生交叉反应,具有良好的重复性.对保存的3份Ⅰ群禽腺病毒的细胞培养物进行荧光定量PCR检测,结果都为阳性,检测的病毒含量为1×106～1×108拷贝/μL.表明,建立的实时荧光定量PCR具有特异、敏感、快速、定量、重复性好等优点,可用于临床上Ⅰ群禽腺病毒感染的检测.     

Assessment on the Trend of U. S. Int''''l Status(I)

Editor's note: Considerable erosion of U. S. international prestige from worldwide antiwar waves and even anti-Americanism since the Iraq war has fueled a controversy among the internationalacademic community over the future of U. S. international status a major issue related to the trends of the world situation as a whole. For further exploration, a one-day symposium of the Experts Forum of our journal was held at China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations in Beijing on Ma…     

Data development for international research—Phase I: International conflict and national characteristics

In 1986 developers and users of quantitative data in international and comparative politics organized to maintain, extend, and develop major datasets and to provide a stronger basis for coordinating data‐related activities. National Science Foundation funding established for a three‐year period Data Development for International Research. Its first phase (DDIR‐I) focused on improving datasets on both national capabilities and international conflict; and generating renewed efforts to better the data collections on internation events and international political economy. DDIR‐I's work, now virtually complete, augmented the quantity and quality of this national data resource and set the stage for another NSF‐funded project on internation event data (DDIR‐II). A final report on DDIR‐II is forthcoming in summer 1994.     

Donor-induced depoliticisation of development implementation: the case of Ghana’s Compact I

Based on empirical evidence from a donor-funded project in Ghana, this article demonstrates that when development implementation is depoliticised, targets will likely be achieved within budget and on time. Funded and supervised by the Millennium Challenge Corporation of the United States, Ghana Compact I has been recommended as a model for future development implementation. This article is an attempt to explain this success, compared to select social programmes. It argues that Compact I was implemented successfully because it was insulated from political interference, and suggests that donor-induced depoliticisation offers a route to successful development implementation in recipient countries.     

Why Should I Believe You? The Costs and Consequences of Bilateral Investment Treaties

Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) are the primary legal mechanism protecting foreign direct investment (FDI) around the world. BITs are thought to encourage FDI by establishing a broad set of investor's rights and by allowing investors to sue a host state in an international tribunal if these rights are violated. Perhaps surprisingly, the empirical literature connecting BITs to FDI flows has produced conflicting results. Some papers have found that BITs attract FDI, while others have found no relationship or even that BITs repel FDI. I suggest in this paper that these results stem from statistical models that do not fully capture the causal mechanisms that link BITs to FDI. Extant literature has often suggested that BITs may encourage investment from both protected and unprotected investors, yet the literature has not allowed for a full evaluation of this claim. This paper explores the theoretical underpinnings and empirical implications of an institution that works in these direct and indirect ways, and offers a statistical test that is capable of distinguishing between the two. The results indicate that: (1) BITs attract significant amounts of investment; (2) BITs attract this investment from protected and unprotected investors; and (3) these results are obscured by endogeneity unless corrected for in the statistical model.     

从流产羔羊骨髓中分离出一株牛I型布氏菌

为考核我区经多年的布氏羊型5号菌苗气雾免疫后的效果,我们曾在酒泉、金塔、玉门、安西、敦煌等5个县(市)开展布氏菌病检菌工作,共收集牛、羊、猪可检材料1557份,其中:流产胎羔582份,在酒泉、安西检出可疑布氏菌8株。对这些可疑菌株进行了菌型鉴定和毒力测定,其结果报告如下:(一)材料与方法1.布氏菌多价诊断血清:为兰州生物制品所生产,批号:9001,效价1:3200。2.M_(104)冻干菌苗:为兰州生药厂生产。3.S_2冻干菌苗::为兰州生药厂生产。4.M_5冻干菌苗:为兰州生药厂生产。5.单因子诊断血清:ARM,系北京流行病研究所生产。6.牛型噬菌体:由北京流行病研究所生产。     

SYBR Green I实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测水泡性口炎病毒方法的建立

本研究旨在建立一种快速、灵敏的用于诊断水泡性口炎的SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法.通过RT-PCR分别扩增印第安纳型水泡性口炎病毒(VSV-IN)和新泽西型水泡性口炎病毒(VSV-NJ)的G基因,然后将其连接到克隆载体pMD19-T上,构建质粒标准品pMD-VSV-IN-G和pMD-VSV-N...     

Democracy: Past,present . . . and future? (Part I)

The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy by Anthony H. Birch. London: Routledge, 1993. Pp.vi + 260; 2 indices, bibliography. £40 (hardback); £12.99 (paperback). ISBN 0 415 09108 X and 091071

Democracy: The Unfinished Journey 508 BC to AD 1993 edited by John Dunn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. £11.95 (corrected paperback edition 1993). Pp.xii + 290; index, further reading list. ISBN 0 19 827934 5

Democracy by Ross Harrison. London: Routledge, 1993, Pp.ix + 246; index. £35 (hardback). ISBN 0 415 03254 7

Democracy and Complexity by Danilo Zolo. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992. £39.50 (hardback); £11.95 paperback). Pp.xii + 202; index, bibliography. ISBN 0 74 561 095 1 and     

Poly(I∶C)增强口蹄疫病毒样颗粒疫苗免疫效果的研究

口蹄疫是一种高度接触性传染病,严重影响着畜牧业的健康发展。目前主要通过接种疫苗对其进行预防。近年来,病毒样颗粒(virus-like partic,lVeLsPs)疫苗由于具有天然病毒相似的结构、不含有病毒的遗传物质、易被免疫细胞识别等优点,逐渐成为研究的热点。为了进一步提高口蹄疫VLPs疫苗的免疫效果,本研究选取poly(I∶C)联合ISA 201共同使用,以探究poly(I∶C)对口蹄疫VLPs疫苗免疫效果的影响。结果,poly(I∶C)可以刺激机体产生更高水平的特异性抗体和中和抗体以及IF N-γ、T NF-α和IL-4等细胞因子的分泌,从而引起机体产生更强的体液免疫应答和细胞免疫应答,进而保护动物机体免受口蹄疫病毒的攻击。     

“I SEE DEAD PEOPLE”: AIR-RAID PHOBIA AND BRITAIN'S BEHAVIOR IN THE MUNICH CRISIS

Arguments about the importance of democracy for international behavior assume that states rely on military organizations rather than “hired guns.” With the growth of the private security market this assumption no longer holds true. Focusing on the United States, we use original data to compare the impacts of using private military/security forces and military forces on attributes identified as endemic to democracies: constitutionalism, transparency, and public consent. Our evidence indicates that forces raised via contract are harder to learn about and thus less transparent than military forces. Largely due to lowered transparency, Congress has a harder time exercising its constitutional role, which impedes constitutionalism. Finally, though the public is just as sensitive to the deaths of private forces as it is to military deaths, it is less likely to know about them. Thus the lack of transparency also circumvents meaningful public consent. We conclude with a consideration of the potential implications of these changes for U.S. foreign policy.     

What Hat Do I Wear Now?: An Examination of Agency Roles in Collaborative Processes

As collaborative approaches to resolving public disputes become more prevalent, agency officials are finding themselves in unfamiliar terrain. This article offers one conceptualization of agency roles in collaborative processes, drawing from the experiences of natural resource managers and enviromental regulators at the federal level. Based on an examination of 65 cases, the authorsidentify three distinct "hat" that effective agency officals wear in collaborative processes - leader, partner, and stakeholder. The objective and function of each role is assessed, along with the implications of agency facilitation. The most successful agency representatives were able to blend the three primary roles, and did not act as facilitators of the collaborative process.     

Can I stay a BIT longer? The effect of bilateral investment treaties on political survival

Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) have proliferated throughout the international system. While ostensibly commercial in purpose, do BITs have domestic political ramifications? I argue that BITs affect a leader’s tenure through their effect on the property rights environment in developing countries. BITs, by segmenting a country’s property rights environment for foreign and domestic firms, reduce the incentive for foreign firms to lobby for property rights protections in the host country thus leading to a stagnating domestic property rights environment. In autocracies, a stagnating domestic property rights regime benefits domestic business elites who can continue to stymie small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The political benefits of BITs, however, decrease as a country becomes more democratic. Using a dataset of developing country leaders over the period 1965-2011, I find support for my hypothesis that BITs are associated with a decreased hazard of losing office and that the effect diminishes with higher levels of democracy. My results highlight the consequences of the legalization of global investment on the domestic political economy.