Women in the U.S.S.R.

Genia K. Browning, Women and Politics in the USSR. Consciousness Raising and Soviet Women's Croups (Wheatsheaf Books) Sussex, 1987; Tatyana Mamonova, Russian Women's Studies. Essays on Sexism in Soviet Culture (Pergamon Press) Oxford, 1989.     

Responding to Physical Assaultiveness of Emotionally Disturb Youths (P.A.A.R.R.)

A series of techniques are described as a means to respond to potential assault andlor at the point of being physically attacked. These techniques stress the importance of providing safety and minimizing injury to all concerned. Obtaining assistance and coordinating the actions of those initiating the strategies are emphasized.     

Fatal Women of Romanticism. Adriana Craciun. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003.

The fatal woman, or femme fatale, is a familiar archetype: an aggressive seductress who lures her enemies into compromising situations. Literature is full of vivid characterizations of this type: Eve, Pandora, Cleopatra, Salome, Lady MacBeth. Film noir has rendered indelible images of fast-talking dames in pencil skirts and seamed stockings, exhaling cigarette smoke as they misdirect our heroes. In this incarnation, the fatal woman is often celebrated, as in film reviewer Mick LaSalle's recently published Complicated Women, and can be seen, in the right smoky light, as a protofeminist. Academics such as Virginia Allen and Bram Dijkstra have dissected the history of the femme fatale as a male fantasy, an "erotic and fatal muse" (Allen) and an "idol of perversity" (Dijkstra). What interests Adriana Craciun in Fatal Women of Romanticism is not the issues or intentions of male authors who invoke the archetype, but the appearance of femmes fatales in the works of several women writers of the Romantic period.     

R. v. Hakopian

The writer would like to thank Jenny Morgan for her assistance, and the Lionel Murphy Foundation for its financial support.     

Strategies for the Prevention of Physical Assault Among Emotionally Disturbed Youths (P.A.A.R.R.)

Techniques that reduce the potential for physical assaultiveness among emotionally disturbed youths are presented. A general manner of approaching children and adolescents during behaviotat episodes is discussed. Eight preventive intervention strategies are examined in detail. In addition, three physical intervention techniques are introduced.     

M.H. Khan,A.V. Chayanov and the family farms of the North‐West Frontier Province

Mahmood Hasan Khan has argued that the agrarian structure of Pakistan's North‐West Frontier Province resembles that described in Russia in the early twentieth century by Alexander Vasil'evich Chayanov. The purpose of this article is to examine the validity of such an argument. After identifying changes in the agrarian structure of the Frontier since 1947, Chayanov's theory of peasant economy is empirically tested. Despite an absence of wage labour, none of Chayanov's static hypotheses are supported. It is concluded that the rural research of Khan, while technically proficient, does not explain processes of economic change in Frontier agriculture.     

B. v.R.: Negative sterotypes and women's credibility

(1993) 110 A.L.R. 432 (High Court of Australia).     

Extending the Reach of Human Rights to Encompass Victims of Rape: M.C. V. Bulgaria

This note analyses a recent case of the European Court of Justice in which the applicant, a 14-year old rape victim, alleged that Bulgarian criminal law violated her rights under Articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights in pursuing a practice of only prosecuting rape where there was evidence of the use of physical force and active resistance. In upholding the applicant’s claims, the Court re-affirmed the positive obligation on states to adopt measures to ensure that fundamental rights under the Convention were secured. In particular, in the case of rape, this required the enactment and application of criminal laws effectively prescribing all acts of non-consensual sex and not just those involving physical violence. In this way the Court affirmed not only that rape was, in essence, a violation of personal sexual autonomy but also that legal systems which failed adequately to protect against all forms of rape risked operating in breach of Convention obligations.Application no. 39272/98, 4 December 2003.