民法典时代的经济法体系构造——兼论《经济法通则》的结构

我国民法典的制定历时60余载,期间几经起落沉浮,可以说是我国社会主义法治建设历程的“标本”。随着民法典的定型,我国社会主义市场经济体系将进入国家治理的法典化时代。与此同时,与民事立法齐头并进的经济法也面临着对既有单行法体系化整合的任务,以解决“经济法是个筐,什么法都能装”的窘境。从经济体制改革以来民法与经济法立法的演进轨迹看,民法的法典化之所以相对容易,是因为民法具有明显的法律移植属性,并存在可资借鉴的大陆法系成文民法典,而经济法的法典化纯粹是首创,其难度可想而知。民法典之后,与社会主义市场经济密切相关的其他重要法律部门的法典化,是完善中国特色社会主义法治体系的必由之路。对经济法而言,如果短时间内难以成典,则可以采用逐步推进的方法,首要任务是从理论上完善经济法的体系结构,增强经济法体系结构的科学化、体系化和逻辑自洽性,使经济法立法与民事立法等相互衔接、相互协调,进一步完善我国的法治体系。     

古代法制的生成及其演进逻辑——以事制为中心

中国古代法制在其发展过程中,实际上形成了事制与刑制并驾齐驱的两面:一方面是通过"议事以制"——"制事典"——"令以存事制",编成令典;一方面是历经"不为刑辟"——"正法罪"——"律以正罪名",编成律典。它们是中国古代法的两个重要组成部分。人定规则的生成、成文法的出现、法典编制成功及"诸法合体"格局的突破,是中国古代法生成发展的三个关键节点。而从先秦的"制事典",到中古的"益事律"、"存事制","议事以制"的传统一脉相承,演绎了中国古代法源远流长的另一面。     

作为债之独立类型的法定补偿义务

在公法和社会法领域内,法定补偿义务作为债的独立类型由来已久。但就法定补偿义务可否作为私法上独立类型之债,与合同之债、侵权之债、不当得利之债、无因管理之债等并身而立,民法学界远未达成共识。若从解释论角度出发进行分析,侵权责任法若干条款规定的补偿义务、"分担损失"规则以及"有财产的无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的,从本人财产中支付赔偿费用"等,都属有关法定补偿义务的规定。它们与民法通则及最高人民法院相关司法解释确认的法定补偿义务一起,构成我国民法中独立类型之债。在我国的责任保险制度尚不发达,社会保障制度还远未健全的背景下,如果法定补偿义务制度运用得当,无疑可在一定程度上济侵权损害赔偿责任制度之穷。     

What are Intoxicated Offenders Responsible for? The ��Intoxication Defense�� Re-examined

I provide a brief history of the common law governing the criminal liability of intoxicated offenders, and the codification and application of the intoxication rules in Canada. I argue that the common law and its statutory application in Canada violate a number of principles of criminal justice. I then argue that the rules cannot be saved by attempts to subsume them under principles of prior fault. I end with a modest proposal for law reform.     

法典化理念与特别法发展之间的行政程序法

1976年颁布的德国《联邦行政程序法》正处于时代的转捩点上。德国的行政程序法是由总则性法典、部门(领域)法典和特别法以阶层模式构成的体系。法典化理念在立法现实中是动态的和周期性的,立法史随着法典化理念波动,其是以法典化、解法典化和再法典化为轴心的辩证发展过程。法典具有法的统一化、定向和稳定化、精简规范等功能,但同时其自身也具有割裂风险、过时风险、固化风险等弱点。近年来,德国的行政程序法出现了解法典化的趋势,包括水平的解法典化和垂直的解法典化。德国联邦行政程序法在再法典化的过程中,需要再次反思一般行政(程序)法的秩序理念与结构化能力。     

行政处罚中择一重罚规则的体系化阐释

择一重罚规则的适用面临执法管辖权与高额罚款权归属主体不一的难题。综合执法制度可以部分解决该问题,在综合执法之外,则需分情况适用不同的解决方案。在识别“罚款数额高的规定”时,应根据法定罚的上限而非决定罚来比较罚款的轻重。根据法定罚款额高的法律作出的决定罚,其数额不能低于法定罚款额低的法律所规定的罚款下限。行政机关错误适用择一重罚规则作出罚款决定,人民法院可以作出变更判决,但变更判决要受禁止不利变更规则的约束。在被人民法院判决撤销并责令重作的情形中,行政机关加重对当事人的罚款,通常应证明其加重罚款没有恶意,因裁量逾越被判决责令重作的除外。     

Black Spiders Weaving Webs: The Constitutional Implications of Executive Veto of Tribunal Determinations

In R (Evans) v Attorney General, the Supreme Court quashed the Attorney General's statutory veto of the Upper Tribunal's original determination made under freedom of information legislation. The Upper Tribunal had held that so‐called ‘advocacy’ memos should be published after a full hearing on the merits. The Supreme Court split five to two, with the lead judgment of Lord Neuberger using constitutional rather than administrative language and focusing on the rule of law. This note raises four objections to the lead judgment. First, it argues that the Upper Tribunal was acting in an executive not judicial capacity and the veto was not therefore a breach of the rule of law. Secondly it suggests the veto clause is best understood as a variant Henry VIII clause. Thirdly, it suggests Lord Neuberger's judgment is founded on a paradox. Finally, it argues that the judgment undermines parliamentary sovereignty. Future implications are then considered.     

民法典编纂中的立法模式悖论--基于商法规范如何安排的视角

在民法典立法中,商事法律处于何种位置?这一问题解决的好坏将直接关系到民法典立法的成败,甚至影响中国法治进程、影响中国市场经济的发展.中国大陆民事立法模式既非民商分立也非民商合一,在民法典立法思路上坚持民商合一的模式,却选择民商分立模式下的民法典作为范本,在逻辑上存在悖论.民法典立法不是要适当增加商法规则,而是要根据商事活动的需要,实现民法与商法的体系化,这完全是因为商法规则的特殊性决定的.民法典应该具有开放性,以适应复杂多变的现实.     

Anthony Hammond: ‘Mr. Surface’ Peel's Persistent Codifier

Throughout the nineteenth century dissatisfaction with the criminal law frequently centred on its disparate and inaccessible state. For many reformers, particularly of a Benthamite persuasion, the route to salvation lay in the direction of the law's codification. This article examines the tenacious efforts of the barrister Anthony Hammond in the 1820s to expand Peel's limited schemes for the consolidation of criminal law statutes into a more radical, wide-ranging codification programme.     

民法转型的法源缺陷：形式化、制定法优位及其校正

近代以来的民法典编纂促成了民法由综合整体法向一般私法的转型,推动了民法体系边界及对体系外有限开放性的形成,配合了民族国家形成及其与民法社会整体对应关系的建立,但也就此预埋风险。随着民法法源的形式化、法源中制定法优越地位的形成、对以商法为代表的传统多元社会法源的消解,民法的社会组织功能被削弱,国家借助特别民法等手段对民法的整体渗透日益不可量、不可控。危机的实质是,民法的体系化成就掩盖了自身的法源缺陷,反而损及私法自治这一现代民法自定义核心价值的实现。危机的根源是民法控权能力与民主自觉的丧失。民法法源的完善,应向正式宪法移交部分社会整合功能;通过将以商法为代表的亚社会法源渐进释出、拓展司法对社会问题与政治问题的解决途径等方法,提高民法的社会自组织能力,恢复民法对非官方公域的参与调整能力,实现通过民法的社会控制。在此基础上,民法教义学方能安全担当现代民法学的核心。     

欧盟私法法典化与我国民法典的制订

随着欧盟一体化进程的加快,客观上要求欧盟在私法领域制定一部内部协调统一、具有宏观性、体系性的民法典,经过法学家的理论准备,欧盟官方对学术研究的响应和对私法发展方向的正确选择,最终促使《共同参考框架（草案）》（DCFR）的完成。欧盟私法法典化进程中,虽然具有浓厚的工具色彩,但融合了不同的法律文化与传统,体现出了现代私法的最新理念与精神。欧盟私法法典化在法典的制定、法典的精神以及法典的结构、内容、统一性方面,无疑对我国民法典的制定具有很大的借鉴意义。     

New Jersey Appellate Division Affirms Allocation to Insured for Pre-December 2004 Insolvencies

The New Jersey Appellate Division has held that in long-tail allocation cases, the policyholder remains responsible for amounts allocable to insurers who became insolvent before December, 2004, and that the rule announced in Farmers Mutual Fire Ins. Company of Salem v. N.J.P.L.G.A. does not apply to such insolvencies because the Legislature specifically provided that the statutory amendments that formed the basis for the Farmers Mutual decision applied prospectively from their effective date. The decision confirms that for insolvencies that took place before the amendments' effective date, New Jersey's common law rule that the policyholder bears the risk of insolvencies and is responsible for shares allocable to them still applies. The Court's decision strengthens insurers' arguments that Farmers Mutual did not alter the common law rule for policies that are not subject to the 2004 amendments to New Jersey's Property-Liability Insurance Guaranty Association Act or Surplus Lines Insurance Guaranty Fund Act.     

建设法治基础上的公共服务型政府

面对我国政府管理中的问题,许多学者从不同的角度提出了不同的解决方案,这些主张在不同的地方被不同的政府拿来作为政府改革的目标。本文通过对法治政府、有限政府、责任政府和服务型政府的比较分析后,认为法治政府已经涵括了有限政府和责任政府之内容,服务型政府则从管理职能和管理方式上突出了服务之作用,因而,我国应该建立法治基础上的公共服务型政府。     

知识产权法典化论证质评

在中国知识产权的立法进程中,存在“特别立法”、“单独法典”和“作为民法典的一篇”三种模式,它们基本上沿袭了世界上既有的知识产权三种立法模式。在理论界,多数学者指出,知识产权的法典化是历史发展的必然趋势。在方法论上他们多数采用的是比较、逻辑的进路;在知识资源上多数依赖的是比较法和历史史实的支撑。法典化论者有关制定知识产权法典的论证是不充分的。在中国语境下,与“特别立法”模式相比,“法典化”具有一种比较优势;但它不具有现实性。比较说来,中国当前应当制定一部《知识产权法通则》。     

我国民法典应设立债法总则的几个问题

我国民法典是否应设立债法总则?侵权行为法是否应从债法体系中分立出去?这是当前民法典编纂所讨论的重大问题之一。本文从法典编纂的作业要求、法典编纂的理论背景、各国或地区的民法典关于债法内容安排的通例以及债的一般规范对侵权行为的可适用性等方面,阐述了民法典应设立债法总则以统帅各种具体债,维护债法体系完整性的观点。本文还对主张侵权法独立的理由做了比较深入的剖析,认为这些理由不足以构成侵权法从债法中分立的理由。     

Staring into the abyss: A crisis of the rule of law in the EU

Acceptance of the meaning, operation and enforcement of the rule of law in the EU by its Member States is critical to the Union's legitimacy. Any perceived or real crisis in the rule of law thus merits careful consideration. This article focuses on how a crisis in the rule of law occurred within the EU and how the intended ambiguity of the rule of law has entrenched this crisis. This article argues that the primary cause of the crisis has been the EU's development of a unique ideation of the rule of law ‐ as a constitutional norm, policy instrument and value ‐ that 'hollowed out' the rule of law from a constitutional principle to an expedient policy tool. The EU institutions have entrenched the crisis in the rule of law and then tried to manage the chasm between what it deems as respect for the rule of law and certain Member States' conduct.     

Ideologies in Law Time: The Oxford History of the Laws of England

In the introduction to the new Oxford History of the Laws of England 1820–1914, the authors suggest that their task is to tell the “history of the law itself.” This review essay examines what can be learned from a history told from law's internal point of view rather than through the perspectives of other disciplines, such as economics or philosophy. It considers whether and how the common law responded to industrialization and laissez‐faire ideology, the influence of salient philosophical movements—such as utilitarianism—on statutory change, and how all history is an exercise in ideology. In considering the public sphere, it suggests that this work should form the inspiration for further inquiry.     

The Rule of Law and the Rule of Empire: A.V. Dicey in Imperial Context

The idea of the rule of law, more ubiquitous globally today than ever before, owes a lasting debt to the work of Victorian legal theorist A. V. Dicey. But for all of Dicey's influence, little attention has been paid to the imperial entanglements of his thought, including on the rule of law. This article seeks to bring the imperial dimensions of Dicey's thinking about the rule of law into view. On Dicey's account, the rule of law represented a distinctive English civilisational achievement, one that furnished a liberal justification for British imperialism. And yet Dicey was forced to acknowledge that imperial rule at times required arbitrariness and formal inequality at odds with the rule of law. At a moment when the rule of law has once more come to license all sorts of transnational interventions by globally powerful political actors, Dicey's preoccupations and ambivalences are in many ways our own.     

Legislating Dangerously: Bad Samaritans,Good Society,and the Heroism Act 2015

The Social Action, Responsibility and Heroism Act 2015 is a troublesome statute. The Act requires that, when considering a claim brought against a defendant in negligence or for breach of statutory duty, the court must assess whether that party was ‘acting for the benefit of society or any of its members’ (section 2), or ‘demonstrated a predominantly responsible approach towards protecting the safety or interests of others’ (section 3), or was ‘acting heroically’ (section 4). However laudable the Coalition Government's attempts to foster a ‘Big Society’ might have been, this enactment was not the proper vehicle to achieve it. Some provisions merely repeat longstanding common law principles. Others may have been intended to amend the common law to encourage ‘good citizenship’, but fall well short of that aim. And some aspects of the Act's drafting have the (perhaps unintended) potential to sit uncomfortably with established common law negligence principles.     

论美国行政法中的保护意图规则——兼议其对保护规范理论引入的启示

美国行政诉讼原告制度在自普通法样态逐步"公法化"的进程中形成了以实体法"保护意图"判定原告资格的保护意图规则,其核心逻辑同源起德国法的保护规范理论存在异曲同工之妙。作为类似法理在美国法背景下规则化的产物,保护意图规则对实体法"保护意图"的解读路径、规则构造,乃至其存在本身,和对于探讨我国有无必要排斥保护规范理论,以及构建保护规范理论的"中国法表达"等议题均极具参考意义。