地方政府绩效评价的新思考

地方政府绩效评价是现代公共管理的前沿课题。绩效评价的关键是设置一套科学的评价指标体系。以经济成果为主的传统评价指标体系的特点是“经济挂帅、重物轻人”,应退出历史舞台。“以人为本”是衡量服务型政府绩效的基本依据,“人本政绩”指标体系是评价服务型政府绩效的根本尺度,健全“保障机制”是实现绩效评价目标的有效手段。     

财政支出绩效评价:问题及其解决——以广东省试点实践为例

20世纪70年代后,财政支出绩效评价作为政府财政管理的重要工具被广泛应用和普遍接受.针对广东省在试点实践中存在管理制度、指标体系、数据库建设、方法手段、结果应用等方面的问题,提出了健全财政支出绩效评价制度规范、建立多元化评价主体体系、加强绩效评价信息数据库建设、建立多层次和立体化的评价指标体系、拓宽绩效评价结果的应用等解决途径.     

论支持西部大开发的中长期财政政策

西部大开发是推动我国经济持续发展的一项长期战略,需要财政政策的有力配合和支持。实施西部大开发战略主要应依靠民间投资和吸引外资,因此,应充分发挥财政政策的导向功能,主要运用财政支出政策和税收政策手段为民间投资和外商投资创造良好的投资环境和条件。     

论地方政府绩效评价评分方法的改进路径

地方政府绩效评价的评分方法主要有指数法、指数增量法和兼顾存量与增量法。三种方法各有其科学之处,但也各有不足。指数法和指数增量法只考虑存量或增量,忽视了两者之间的联系,导致评价结果产生偏差。兼顾存量与增量法的准确性高度依赖于同比的其他指标增量值的大小,同时,它所计算得出的分数也只是一个相对分数,不能完全反映地方政府在该指标上所作出的贡献。要提高评分方法的科学性,必须对兼顾存量与增量法进行改良。     

地方政府绩效评价的扩散:面向广东省的事件史分析

以1999—2016年广东省各市县政府绩效评价的扩散为例,运用基于二元Logistic回归的事件史分析(EHA)法,探寻地方政府绩效评价的扩散机制。研究发现,广东省各市县政府绩效评价的扩散在时间上呈现S形,并且可以分为四个阶段——起始阶段、稳定增长阶段、快速增长阶段和下降阶段;政府绩效评价是在以强制机制为主、以学习机制与竞争机制以及模仿机制为辅的共同影响下得以逐步扩散。同时,强制机制、学习机制和模仿机制的时间滞后效应显著。因此,为推动地方政府绩效评价工作的持续发展和水平提升,中央政府应该加大指导和督查力度,并鼓励各地开展经验交流和学习,开展地方特色创新;加强新闻报道和宣传,同步营造争先创优、提绩创效的舆论氛围。     

中小学校长教学领导绩效评价研究

校长有效教学领导是提升学校教学效能、促进学校在新课程改革中不断发展和变革的重要因素。然而,由于理论和实践上的多重原因,导致我国中小学校长教学领导存在诸多问题,使得校长们并未充分履行其教学领导角色。解决对策是:奖惩性评价与发展性评价相结合;建立完善的绩效评价指标体系;采用360度绩效考评方式;做好反馈工作。     

开展政府财政支出绩效评价的现实障碍与对策研究

开展财政支出绩效评价，既有利于规范财政资金支出管理，也有利于加强对政府部门权力腐败的约束。由于种种原因，我国政府开展财政支出绩效评价存在诸多的现实障碍，如评价指标重分配轻绩效，评价指标设置不科学，绩效评价包含的内容不全面等。为了更好地充当管理人角色，政府应该通过制度化建设、信息化建设来完善财政支出绩效评价，同时，通过引入中介评价机构来提高财政支出绩效评价的透明度。     

地方政府绩效评价的公共价值结构图景——基于杭州市综合绩效评价的混合研究

随着我国地方政府绩效评价实践的深入推进,"高绩效"成绩单下的价值冲突问题愈演愈烈,其原因在于价值结构失衡。现有文献主要通过价值分类探究价值结构,但遗憾的是大多数价值分类缺乏有效标准和实践检验,致使难以呈现公共价值结构的"全貌"。为此,文章基于J?rgensen和Bozeman提出的公共价值理论,以杭州市综合绩效评价报告和政策为对象,运用案例研究、内容分析法和社会网络分析法,逐一探究地方政府绩效评价语境下的公共价值间的层级关系、相近性和因果关系,从而呈现一个多集群全关系的公共价值结构。研究结果不但为公共价值结构的实证研究提供一种可行的分析路径,而且为构建一个具有内在张力和自适应能力的地方政府绩效评价价值体系提供研究支持,进而实现价值冲突治理。     

西方政府绩效评价研究的最新进展

提高政府绩效始终是公共管理的目标之一。绩效评价作为一种重要的管理工具和手段,由于新公共管理运动的兴起而被引入到政府管理当中,并且成为政府再造的重要内容和重要举措。近年来,西方学者对此的研究主要集中于政府绩效评价的方法、政府绩效评价的内外部环境及政府绩效评价的效应等方面,此外还出现了一些新的研究视角。公共部门借鉴了私人部门的绩效评价方法,但这也使它面临着某种质疑和批判。政府绩效评价的内外部环境,对政府的绩效水平有着很大的影响,因此对其进行研究,可以促进政府绩效评价的实施和执行,最终提高政府绩效评价的效应。主要从以上各个方面,对西方绩效评价研究的最新文献进行回顾与梳理,以期对我国政府绩效评价的理论和实践提供有益的启示。     

The Congress and fiscal policy

Although the common belief is that the Congress has paid little attention to fiscal policy, the same kinds of political-economic models which have been used to explain presidential budgetary policy may be used equally well to explain congressional budgetary behavior. The Congress' fiscal policy appears to be systematically sensitive to both economic and political factors. Changes in the unemployment rate have a major impact on congressional budgetary policy. As for political factors, the President's lead is followed most closely on revenue proposals and not at all on the expenditure side. The electoral cycle, in particular the off-year congressional election year, is also important; inducing larger deficits and smaller increases in revenues. When the influences on congressional fiscal behavior are compared with those on presidential behavior, the sources of the generally more expansionary congressional fiscal policy are identified. Congressional budget deficits increase in response to increased rates of unemployment but are insensitive to increases in inflation. In contrast, presidential budgets are heavily influenced by inflation and the growth in personal income — increases in each resulting in smaller proposed deficits — as well as by unemployment rates. In years in which both unemployment and inflation are increasing, the combination of the two (assuming a one percentage point change in each) implies an increase in the congressional deficit of $6.7 billion but a decrease in the president's proposed deficit of $2.5 billion. The implications of this study are a challenge to the literature which makes the President the central actor in macro-economic policy.     

The political economy of local government financialization and the role of policy diffusion

By analyzing why English local governments have made extensive use of long-term market loans with embedded derivatives, this paper seeks to contribute to the growing literature on local government financialization. Using an original, large-N panel dataset for the period from 1998 to 2014, we show that the configuration of the local political economy is an important driver of financialization processes: a Labour Party majority as well as fiscal and economic stress make it more likely that councils adopt risky financial instruments. As the use of financial innovations has also diffused geographically, policy diffusion impacts local governments as well. Highlighting the conditional effect of finance sector power, which only increases the use of financial innovations in very large councils, as well as the temporal dimension of fiscal and economic stress, we create ample avenues for further research.     

中国地方政府绩效外部民主评议模式——对南京市“万人评议机关”再研究

通过绩效评估可以提高政府效率，促使政府更好地承担社会管理、公共服务等各项职能。对于地方政府，外部民主评议模式比传统的上级政府外部监督模式更具针对性和可操作性。中国现阶段通过民主评议的方式可以扩大民泉有序地参与政治，推动地方政府更积极地承担地方建设发展责任，而不是一味靠上级政府的压力与刺激进行地方治理。     

地方政府自利性视域下的公共政策冲突

利益是影响和制约社会个体和组织的根本性因素,地方政府及其官员也不例外.地方政府在不断追逐公共性的同时,也带暗含着相当自利性.公共政策作为地方政府重要的公共性活动,客观上也必然受到其自利性行为的影响和制约.地方政府、职能部门及其官员的自利件是引发当前我国公共政策冲突的重要原因.     

The local state and urban local government in Zambia

It is argued, with reference to urban local government in Zambia, particularly in Lusaka, that recent debates on the form and functions of the national state in Africa may be used to illuminate the working of the urban local state. Available evidence on the class interests represented in the urban local state is reviewed, and these interests and their actions with respect to personal accumulation and political clientelism are found to be similar to those found at the national level. The urban local state in Zambia performs functions similar to those which have been revealed by analyses of other countries, although the nature of these functions, and the extent to which they are successfully performed, is influenced by the political and economic context, the institutional framework and especially the constraints imposed by central government on local autonomy. The changes proposed in the 1980 Local Administration Act are outlined, and a preliminary assessment made of the extent to which they are likely to change the form and functions of the urban local state.     

Urban local government finance in Nigeria: The case of Lagos municipal area

One of the most important results of the global reform of local governments in Nigeria in 1976 was to initiate a progressive increase in the amount of monetary transfers to local governments (LGs) by federal and state governments (especially the former). The proportion of federally collected revenues devoted to LGs increased rapidly from less than 2 per cent in 1976 to 15 per cent in 1990. This has enabled Nigerian LGs to play a more visible role in total public expenditures. On the other hand, huge federal transfers have led to sharp declines in absolute and relative terms in locally generated revenues. The two Lagos municipalities are able to generate up to 50 per cent of their total revenues. In contrast, the average for all local governments in the country is 4–5 per cent. The relatively large internal revenue sources in the two Lagos municipalities results in generous surpluses, which they are able to channel into capital development or special project expenditures. The single most important internal revenue source is the property tax, which is not even collected in some other large cities, such as Kano, Ogbomosho and Sokoto.     

Urban local government finance in Nigeria: The case of Onitsha local government

Onitsha, located along the route that connects south-western and south-eastern Nigeria, has a very financially dynamic local government. Over one-quarter of the total revenues of this local government come from its market and motor parks. This is an unusual source for a local government that has perhaps the largest per capita revenue in Nigeria—almost N40, compared with the national average of N4.9. The procedure for collecting this revenue is regarded as highly successful since there is greater reliance on the citizens than tax officials. The volume of revenues collected has allowed the council maintain a large surplus revenue over a long period of time, which enables it to carry out important programmes of primary and adult education. It is also beginning to develop its property revenue collection system in collaboration with the Anambra State government.