朝鲜问题对日本核政策的影响

朝鲜核问题使奉行无核三原则的日本的不安全感增加。悬而未决的绑架日本人问题和朝鲜核问题的长期化,加深了日本对于朝鲜的威胁认知。在日本如何重新界定美日同盟,对美国提供的核保护伞是否有信心,以及究竟从何种视角界定日本的国家利益等问题上,朝核问题都成为一个重要因素。在对朝鲜威胁的认知下,日本的核武装论不断升级。核武装论已经不再是日本的政策讨论禁区,日本核政策面临考验。     

欧盟对伊朗核问题的政策困境

近年来，中东地区的热点问题此起彼伏，伊拉克战争的硝烟未尽，伊朗核问题又浮出水面。欧盟积极介入伊朗核问题的谈判进程，意在掌握中东和平进程的主导权。大国和伊朗间日趋激烈的政治博弈，使伊朗核问题大有一发牵动全局之势。欧盟对伊朗外交政策的摇摆不定，伊朗政府的强硬核立场，使得欧盟的斡旋能力大打折扣，欧盟在外交上面临进退两难的尴尬处境。     

Forecasting the Effectiveness of Policy Implementation Strategies

Primarily, policies are intended to address economic, social and environmental problems. When implementing a policy, any government will be faced with the decision as to what strategy to adopt in order to meet the objectives set out by the policy in the most cost effective way. Several such Policy Implementation Strategies (PIS) may be available, making such a decision not so straightforward. With limited funds available, such a decision has particular importance for budgeting. This paper proposes forecasting PIS effectiveness as a decision support tool. The nature of Structured Analogies (SA) is considered suitable for generating such forecasts. A simpler version of SA, semi-structured analogies (S-SA), where experts do not need to recollect the exact outcome of analogies, is tested. Empirical findings suggest that in the hands of non-experts, the S-SA approach improves forecast accuracy when compared to unaided judgment. Accuracy improves further when forecasts are produced in groups.     

英国工党关于欧洲问题的争论及政策分析

英国工党的欧洲政策一直处于调整变化之中,这种调整变化与工党内部争论有关.在欧洲问题上,工党内部一直存在疑欧派和亲欧派之争,这种争论在很大程度上主导着工党在不同时期对欧政策的制定.疑欧主义和欧洲主义的争论使工党在顺应历史潮流融入欧洲之时又对其深怀戒心,从而形成工党具有英国特色的欧洲政策.     

Policy Network Transformation: The Implementation Of The Ec Directive On Packaging And Packaging Waste

Policy network analysis has been criticized for failing to adopt a sufficiently dynamic approach to the study of policy-making processes. There have been, however, a number of studies illustrating how policy networks change, recognizing that they are not static entities but respond to changes in the policy environment. This article applies policy network analysis to the negotiation of plans to implement the 1994 EC Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive in the UK and provides a further contribution to the literature on the formation and transformation of policy networks. The analysis reveals significant changes in the structure and operation of the policy network during the period studied. The reasons for such changes confirm those put forward by other policy network analysts, such as the power of the actors involved and conflicts between them. Other reasons include the role of the government and the tight schedule laid out by the directive.     

How Networks Explain Unintended Policy Implementation Outcomes: The Case of UK Rail Privatization

How a government secures the implementation of its policies is one of the most interesting processes in public administration. The tendency of scholars is to ignore implementation and how it impacts on the form of policy, something which invariably changes once resources have been allocated to implementing agencies and the policy detail is addressed. Traditional 'top-down' (Pressman and Wildavsky 1984, Mazmanian and Sabatier 1981) and 'bottom-up' (Elmore 1979, Hjern and Porter 1981, Hull and Hjern 1983) analytical frameworks give only a partial explanation of outcomes. In making the case for a netwrok approach, a typology of implementation networks is presented. The utility of this typology is evaluated in the context of one of the most complex privatization programmes attempted by any government: the privatization of British Rail (BR) between 1992 and 1997. In the case of the sale of one BR subsidiary train operating company, ScotRail, a variety of agencies with competing interests and acting in a politically-charged climate exchanged essential resources to deliver the policy, though not without generating unintended outcomes in the form of significant change to the policy and the agencies charged with implementing it.     

Implementation without Coordination: The Impact of EU Conditionality on Ukraine under the European Neighbourhood Policy

The article examines the impact of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) on domestic change in Ukraine during the period 2005–2007. Due to the interplay of external and domestic factors, no political leadership on European matters emerged in Ukraine under the ENP. The implementation of the Action Plan (AP)—the key instrument of the policy—has been left to the discretion of middle-level state officials, resulting in selective empowerment of sections of the state apparatus. However, without strong political engagement or an effective coordinating mechanism, this delivered slow, uneven and localised results. Nevertheless, despite the limited impact of the ENP, it is through the AP that the European Union has for the very first time started to affect domestic developments in Ukraine.     

美国对“疆独”问题政策的演变、影响与前景

美国对“疆独”问题政策起源于20世纪40年代,在冷战期间因活动较少、相对隐蔽、作用相对有限,故未能引起重视。冷战后,伴随着“疆独”问题的凸显和美国对华政策的调整,美国对“疆独”问题政策开始浮出水面,走向公开化,成为影响“疆独”问题演变的重要变量。“9．11”事件后以及奥巴马上台后,美国对“疆独”问题政策又出现了新变化。本文按时间脉络系统梳理了美国对“疆独”问题政策的演变历程,并就其对“疆独”问题的影响作了分析,最后就美国对“疆独”问题政策的前景进行了展望。     

Anti-Doping Policy in Sport: The Politics of International Policy Co-ordination

The characteristics and functioning of international policy processes are examined through the analysis of a case which explores the development of policy towards doping by athletes. Changes are traced in the dominant perception of the issue of doping in sport from a series of relatively self-contained problems which could be addressed by individual sports federations or competition organizers to one that requires extensive co-operation between federations and governments, and which has brought the issue of harmonization of policy to the forefront. The interests of the policy actors are identified and the role of two key organizations, the Council of Europe and the International Olympic Committee, in facilitating closer co-ordination, is examined. It is argued that the process is best understood by using the concept of a policy network as both a metaphor and as an analytical tool. The value of the concept of an epistemic community is also considered and it is suggested that not only are doctors and scientists marginal in shaping anti-doping policy, but that there are also limited conditions under which epistemic communities can fulfil an effective role in the policy process.     

Symposium on Implementing Public Policy: Learning from Theory and Practice

The initiative for this symposium issue arose out of a series of five ESRC seminars called 'Implementing Public Policy: Learning from Each Other'. The aim of the seminars was to revitalize interest amongst public policy researchers about implementation studies, to advance the development of ideas about public policy implementation and to assess the relevance of academic models of public policy implementation to those who deliver public services.     

Social Capital and Community Participation in Post-Soviet Armenia: Implications for Policy and Practice

This article argues that the social capital framework used by development agencies in community-driven development projects in post-Soviet countries may not be adequate for analysing conditions affecting community participation. Research in Armenia shows that the availability of social capital in a community may not necessarily translate into participation. The governance environment plays a key role in affecting the nature and forms of community participation and in shaping local institutions in Armenia. The research argues against the ‘cultural’ view of institutional change, which presumes that the main barriers to participation are posed by cultural factors, such as interpersonal trust and the ‘mentality’ of post-Soviet citizens. Development interventions that focus on building social capital as a means to promote community participation may not be effective without addressing broader structural factors affecting participation.     

The Potential of Contingent Valuation for Public Administration Practice and Research

Public administrators and policy analysts routinely face the task of assessing goods whose social values are not revealed in markets. Often “structured conversations” with citizens provide the only source of information for valuing of such goods. The problem of valuation is particularly great in the case of environmental amenities that may have value to people beyond their direct consumption. In response, environmental economists have developed a methodology, contingent valuation (CV), for estimating the social value of policy changes using data from questions posed to samples of survey respondents. Although contingent valuation is beginning to be applied to other policy areas, it has not yet seen general widespread use. This article provides an overview of the CV methodology and speculates on its future use by public administrators.     

Inter-Organizational Coordination and Corruption in Urban Policy Implementation in Bangladesh: A Case of Rajshahi City Corporation

This article provides an overview of the state of inter-organizational coordination and corruption in urban policy implementation in Bangladesh. Based on a study carried out in one of the seven large cities in Bangladesh, the available data illustrate that there are major coordination problems between the Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) and other government departments. This is due to a lack of formal coordination mechanisms, partisan leadership, and a fragmented organizational culture of patron-clientage, which dispenses undue favor and involves nepotism. These pathologies breed corruption and seriously impede inter-organizational coordination. Ordinary citizens suffer as a result.