两种市场观念与两种民法模式——“社会主义市场经济”的民事立法政策内涵之分析

民法学界存在自然主义的市场观念与非自然主义的市场观念,以及与这两种观念相对应的纯粹私法性定位的民法模式和非纯粹私法性定位的民法模式。其中,纯粹私法性定位的民法模式在意识形态、价值观立场和社会政策方面的中立化企图,及其形式主义和技术主义的学理姿态,应当受到批判;作为法律体制有机组成部分之一的民法的立法和理论研究,必须具有更多的政策导向意识。中国民法的立法和理论,需要扬弃对市场体制和民法模式的本质主义和教条化的理解,更加积极主动地对社会主义市场经济的民事立法政策内涵进行持续不断的解读,通过民事立法的理论和实践,参与到有关社会政策的探索和发展之中去。     

刑法的刑事政策化论纲

刑法的刑事政策化,是在刑法自身需求和刑事政策引导两方面因素共同作用下的产物;其中,刑法自身的需求是内因,而刑事政策的引导则是外因。犯罪原因的多样化、刑罚根据的科学化和刑罚的人道化是刑法刑事政策化的理论基础。刑法刑事政策化的核心在于刑法要自觉地接受刑事政策的指导,无论是刑法的制定还是刑法的运行,都要纳入刑事政策的框架,在刑事政策的大视野中予以把握。但是,刑事司法在接受刑事政策指导的时候,应该将刑事政策的贯彻和落实严格控制在现行刑法规定的范围内,绝不能超越刑法的规定去执行刑事政策。     

宽严相济刑事政策适用的理性思考——以我国法律传统为视角

近年来,随着学界对宽严相济刑事政策的关注和推崇、党和政府对宽严相济刑事政策的肯定和推广、实务界对宽严相济刑事政策的高调贯彻,"宽严相济"几乎成了法律界的流行语。然而,如果我们从中国法律传统的角度,审视宽严相济刑事政策的司法现状;以构建成熟法治国为目标,反思该刑事政策的司法运作。就不难发现,由于司法传统的浸染,宽严相济的政策性适用已不适当地挤占了立法空间。法治话语下的宽严相济刑事政策必须坚持法律是基础、政策是导向的定位原则。刑事法律也应当根据刑事政策之需要,及时进行立法、修改、补充。     

论刑事政策与刑法

刑事政策可表述为:国家或政党基于犯罪态势而制定的控制(预防)犯罪的方略,可分为基本的刑事政策和具体的刑事政策。指导刑法立法的刑事政策是基本刑事政策;影响刑法司法的刑事政策是具体刑事政策。只有在较长时期内涉及全过程的主要的刑事政策才是基本刑事政策。具体刑事政策,它相对于基本刑事政策而言,指在犯罪控制的某一领域或某一阶段中起作用的刑事政策。就刑事政策与刑法立法来讲,刑事政策即基本刑事政策是刑法的灵魂,刑事政策高于刑法;就刑事政策与刑法司法来讲,刑法则高于刑事政策即具体刑事政策,具体的刑事政策只能在刑法的框架内运作,但可以影响定罪与量刑。     

柬埔寨外国投资法律政策研究

柬埔寨是东盟比较落后的国家。近年来,柬埔寨已经意识到引进外资对落后国家经济发展的重要性,制定和完善了一批外国投资法律。目前,外国在柬埔寨投资的法律政策环境已经有很大改善,有较为系统的投资法律体系。外资在柬埔寨的优惠政策日益增多,投资手续日趋简化,保障措施和鼓励政策也不断优化,外国投资的纠纷解决机制也不断完善。外国在柬埔寨投资前景广阔。     

反垄断宽恕政策的理论分析与实证考察

宽恕政策是卡特尔执法的有效政策工具，它有利于破坏卡特尔的稳定性，有利于提高卡特尔的执法效率。设计合理的规则是宽恕政策有效发挥作用的基础，具体、确定、透明是宽恕政策的基本要求。宽恕政策的实施效果与卡特尔的立法、执法状况密切相关，严厉的法律制裁、坚定的执法态度和有力的执法措施能够有效促进宽恕政策的实施。为了加强卡特尔执法，我国反垄断执法机构应当根据《反垄断法》的有关规定尽快出台宽恕政策。     

依法治国中的公共政策

公共政策乃是承载公共权力的各种组织为处理公私事务、实现公共利益而制定并实施的除法律以外的活动策略和行动准则。法治社会中,公共政策和法律既相互联系又充斥着紧张,对二者在行政执法和司法中的关系必须谨慎对待并积极理顺。     

公共政策制定之法治变革——从北京出租车换型事件谈起

北京出租车换型事件所引起的思考不仅仅是行政上的,更是法律上的。制定公共政策尽管在传统上被认为属于行政管理学的范畴,其作为一种科学活动不应与法律发生联系。但是,法治化的进程不可避免的影响到这一行政管理的传统领地,公共政策制定的法治化是公共政策行为发展的大方向和新动力。     

政策增长与法律空洞化——以经济法为例的观察

当前我国法律的空洞化现象严重。法律空洞化是指立法风格简略、粗犷,法律的完整性、周延性、精确性和普适性不足,没有实质内容,可操作性差,从而导致法律的控制力不足,法律仅剩一个空壳甚至连外壳都没有的现象。法律的空洞化问题,实质上是法律与政策的关系问题。法律工具主义是法律空洞化现象产生的思想根源。但从时代背景看,法律与政策的关系则是一个纠结在传统性、现代性和后现代性之间的一个复杂性问题。鉴于法律的空洞化和"政策之治"产生的诸多弊端,我国当前应加快向"法律主治"的转型。为此,要正确认识法律与政策的关系,坚守法律的目的价值观,树立法律精细化的理念,加强对行政机关的政策制定的法律控制,规范法律解释活动。     

犯罪化原则与我国的"严打"政策

由于"严打"政策本身蕴含着强烈的犯罪化观念及其行动,因此,在"严打"政策法治化的过程中,必须正确处理好与犯罪化过程中的一些基本原则的关系.尤其要遵循最低限度干预原则、合理组织对犯罪的反应原则和刑法最后手段性原则,以免"严打"活动脱离法治的轨道.     

Commercial Choice of Law in Context: Looking Beyond Rome

English courts are frequently criticised for their flexible approach to the finding of implied choice and the use of the escape clause in the context of the Rome I Regulation/Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. This paper argues that such criticism is misplaced. Based on empirical evidence, the article shows that those choice of law decisions are directly influenced by their procedural context and respond to the need to balance the multiple policy issues generated by international commercial litigation. In particular, English decisions need to be assessed in light of three distinct factors: the standard of proof required at different stages of the procedure in England, the national policy to promote England as a center for commercial dispute resolution and the incentives to export English law in certain strategic industries. The use of implied choice and the escape clause to achieve these ends constitutes a legitimate practice that does not frustrate the aims of the EU choice of law regime.     

Sovereignty, Migration and the Rule of Law in Global Times

This article argues that in the present era of globalisation, control over the movement of people has become the last bastion of sovereignty. This is important both to theoretical accounts of globalisation and to policy decisions by governments. Nation states threatened with loss of control in other realms are implementing a variety of 'crackdown' measures in questions of immigration. Issues of refugee law, illegal migration and skilled migration each challenge sovereignty in specific ways. While international human rights standards have made few inroads in questions of migration, recent decisions in England and Australia suggest that the rule of law may be emerging as a counter to traditional executive free reign in matters of migration law.     

Copyright in the Information Society: Scenario's and Strategies

Copyright law trades off the costs of limiting access to information against the benefits of providing incentives to create information in the first place. The development of digital rights management (DRM) may disturb the balance between creation and distribution of information. What policy strategy should be followed by a national government given that effective systems of DRM may develop and given that legislation and policy-making increasingly take place at the level of the European Union? Because the quality of the protection that can be obtained by DRM is uncertain, two scenarios are developed. The scenarios require different policy reactions. Alternative policy strategies are discussed.     

追寻工具理性与价值理性的整合——对《刑法修正案（七）》的刑事政策分析

刑事政策分析是根据政策目的与刑法修正之间的关系,选择最优刑法修正模式的过程。以宽严相济刑事政策为分析框架,《刑法修正案（七）》就是政策的工具理性与价值理性交错的产物,它在规则上体现了政策的内容,在价值上融合了政策的理念,在实践中树立了政策的形象。而要在刑法修正中追寻工具理性与价值理性的整合,则应处理好犯罪化与非犯罪化的并轨运作、犯罪要素与刑罚要素的合理配制、立法理念与立法技术的同步提升三个基本向度问题。     

依法治税的理性思考

依法治税是依法行政的重要组成部分。税务行政执法人员应做到思必及法,言必循法,行必合法,树立依法治税的理念。制定税收政策不应溯及既往,税收政策法规口径应统一。加大培训力度,提高税务人员的整体素质,提高税务机关的办案能力和效率。加大税务执法检查监督力度,全面提高税务部门的执法水平。     

世贸组织框架下反补贴制度与竞争政策的协调

针对世贸组织反补贴制度与竞争政策的冲突问题，笔者认为，在目前竞争法尚未建立起有效的国际协调机制的情况下，协调世贸组织反补贴制度与竞争政策的冲突的最佳途径是，将竞争法的有关原则融入到反补贴制度中，消除其中反竞争或限制竞争的条款，使反补贴制度能更多的考虑到竞争的需要，加强它们积极的一面，使它们尽可能地相互一致和相互促进。     

Contesting policy that undermines restorative justice for victims of crime☆

A policy provision in the Criminal Victim Assistance Program in British Columbia excludes the offender from participating in restorative justice approaches with the victim (and other affected parties) during counseling. A historical analysis of victim responses to crime shows that the victim experience to crime is socially constructed. In this regard, this policy act that excludes offenders from the victim healing process is consistent with a traditional approach to justice, which understands the offender to have committed a crime against the state, not the victim; however, separating the offender from the healing process is problematic within a restorative framework of justice where relationality is a central premise. Using a restorative lens, this policy act is contrary to an accompanying statute that has explicit provisions for counseling support for crime victims, as well as other statutes that provide for restorative responses to crime in Canada. The way we counsel and support victims from the harms created by crime cannot be separated from our view of justice.     

Reflections on the legal features of the socialist market economy in China

China’s socialist market economy is a market economy co-existing with a large public sector of the economy, affected by the State as a policymaker, a regulator and an important actor along with private ones; general interests in principle prevail over individual ones. A major role of the law is of providing the tools for administrative leadership and efficient macro-control. Legal and policy documents concur in indicating a model for the developing Chinese legal system: not as Western-style “rule of law” (r.o.l.); more and better socialist laws; effective supervision at all levels; intense macro-control over private economy; more efficient, law-abiding administration and legal institutions. The governing authorities are at different levels, according to the size/impact of each specific business, and each of them has or may have a say beyond the law, so implementing full macro- and micro-control on the market at various levels, through a substantial number of “policy checks” at appropriate junctions or in blank areas of the law. Differentiated “modes” of the law could be the results of a coordinated absorption within the socialist frame of values, mechanisms, norms, formants hailing from different sources.     

货币的经济法属性

货币不仅是一种现实财富,具有一般物和资本的两种属性,而且货币本身就是一种法权关系的体现,也更是现代市场经济国家干预宏观经济的重要介质。从货币与公平、货币与平等以及货币与财产的关系等角度发现,并肯定货币的经济法属性,将有助于揭示经济法的本质内涵。     

风险社会的刑法风险及其防范

在风险社会刑法出现了一些新动向:刑法的任务由保护法益转向保护国民的安全感;预防理念从消极预防转向积极预防;犯罪圈不断膨胀;传统归责理论有所突破。这些新动向使刑法在遏制风险的同时,自身也潜藏着风险:一是不利于实现社会福利最大化;二是可能导致泛刑法化与重刑化;三是刑法的自由保障机能被弱化;四是责任原则有大范围超越的风险。要消除这些风险,必须平衡好允许的危险与禁止的危险的关系;协调好自由保障与风险防范的关系;权衡好成本与收益的关系。总之,"最好的社会政策也是最好的刑事政策"这句名言在今天仍然应当被坚持。