Globalization and Religious Organizations: Rethinking the Relationship Between Church, Culture, and Market

This article explores the organizational complexities that occur when religions attempt to operate globally. Based on the author's research on one of the new Japanese religions—Sekai Kyusei-kyo—it focuses on two aspects of transnational religious coordination. First, it shows how culture shapes religions' reception in each locality. Second, it shows the superiority of heterarchical over hierarchical organization: like successful transnational corporations, heterarchical religions move decision-making to the periphery, leaving the center with the task of normative integration. Local culture can, however, trump even such organizational flexibility. The article explores the theoretical implications of this for market-oriented sociologies of religion.     

Hybrid Actors,Tactical Variety: Rethinking Asymmetric and Hybrid War

Wars like those in Iraq and Afghanistan should be understood as hybrid wars, wars in which elements of ethnic or tribal conflict, ideologically based insurgency, factional squabbling, and organized crime are inextricably intertwined, with the same actors playing multiple and partially conflicting roles. Hybrid war is inherently transnational, featuring transnational crime networks, “migrant warriors,” transnational diaspora links, legitimate international trade, and foreign intervention. It takes place in hybridized states reliant on local warlords and other actors whose power prevents effective state-building. In this context, while counterinsurgency doctrine prescribes appropriate military strategy and tactics, the core problem is more political than military. Since a hybridized client state is not likely to be politically reformable even if a foreign ally achieves military success, outside allies like the United States should generally refrain from boots-on-the-ground intervention, pursuing instead a diplomatic solution, even though such a deal is likely to be unpalatable.     

State urban enterprise zones: origin,policy context,and administrative constraints

This article examines the origins of state enterprise zone policies. Further, the range of state enterprise zones are reviewed, drawing out patterns and generalizations of implementing this type of revitalization policy. As part of this analysis President Reagan urban policy is analyzed as to its effect on state programs. Lastly, the article analyzes three important obstacles - labor, incentives, and politics - that state and local administrators must negotiate to successfully implement the enterprise zone policy.     

Rethinking civil society: radical politics and the legitimization of unpaid activities

This article examines recent debates on the concept of civil society as a source of renewal for political economy and a contributing factor to the establishment of social inclusion. In terms of political economy it contends that the relationship between markets and civil society has been under-theorized and that the potentially deleterious impact of the hegemony of market discourses on civil society has been neglected. Thus there is a need to engage with more radical theories which suggest that, if we want to support and legitimize socially useful activities such as unpaid work, spaces within civil society should be protected from the penetration of economic rationality. To this end the article argues that, following contemporary radical democratic theory, it is important to think of civil society as a differentiated space in which a wide range of actors engage in a multiplicity of activities. However, where radical democrats have tended to focus on a differentiated space for political engagement, this article concludes that we should do the same for economic and non-economic activities and, in so doing, construct an alternative political economy to the hegemony of market discourses.     

Rethinking political development: A look backward over thirty years,and a look ahead

The article analyzes the rise of the political development approach in comparative politics and the reasons for it. It traces the history of the political development literature and its emergence as the dominant paradigm in the field. It then presents and assesses the critiques, that have been levelled against political development. It also assesses the various alternative approaches that came to supplant political development. The article next presents the factors that have led to a renaissance in political development. It concludes by suggesting that while the political development approach was based on some erroneous assumptions in the short term, from a longer-term perspective that approach looks considerably better. Howard J. Wiarda is Professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst; associate of the Center for International Affairs. Harvard University; adjunct scholar of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research; and associate of the Foreign Policy Research Institute. This article is based on a paper presented at the Fourteenth World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., August 28–September 1, 1988. A somewhat revised version of this article was presented at the Conference on “Comparative Politics: Research Perspectives for the Next Twenty Years,” sponsored byComparative Politics and the Ph.D. Program of the City University of New York, September 7–9, 1988. It will also be published under the title “Concepts and Models in Comparative Politics: Political Development Reconsidered-and Its Alternatives” in Kenneth Paul Erickson and Dankwart Rustow (eds.),Comparative Political Dynamics: Research Perspectives for the Turn of the Century (New York: Harper and Row, 1990).     

Beyond poverty fixation: interrogating the experiences of internally displaced persons in Nigeria

Abstract

This paper draws on fieldwork at three camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Northeast Nigeria. It interrogates the pre-displacement experiences of participants, their transition to and experiences of internal displacement, vignettes of life at IDP camps, their relationship with host communities, the non-universality of experiences of sexual and gender-based violence among female IDPs (despite the particularities of experiences of women and young girls) and the resilience and agency of IDPs. The paper argues that scholarly engagement with IDPs and their social conditions should go beyond fixation on or fetishisation of poverty. Overall, the paper contributes to the empirical literature on conditions of internal displacement in sub-Saharan Africa.     

Rethinking the Economic Relationship between Kazakhstan and Russia

According to their governments, economic relations between Kazakhstan and Russia—the two largest post-Soviet countries—have been exceptionally solid and robust. However, statistical data demonstrate that Russian investments in Kazakhstan's economy have been weak, and that Kazakhstan has only recently increased investment in the Russian economy. This raises the question of whether relations between the two countries have been more uneven than has been claimed officially. The article also explores the influence of off-shore investments via third countries and other aspects of the bilateral relationship between Kazakhstan and Russia and the involvement of each country in the other's economy.     

欧洲—非洲互动关系的扩展(1400—1883)——批判与反思《国际社会的扩展》

从很多方面来讲,赫德利·布尔(Hedley Bull)和亚当·沃森(Adam Watson)主编的著作《国际社会的扩展》①(以下简称《扩展》)代表着英国国际政治理论委员会(the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics)关于国际政治性质     

Bridging the donor-decentralization gap: Rethinking incentives and institutional impacts in control-oriented bureaucracies

Some important studies suggest that the organizational imperatives of donor agencies explain the tendency of foreign aid to reinforce institutional centralization rather than to support the development of decentralized institutions in recipient countries. This article shows that certain design features of two decentralized USAID projects completed in Peru during the 1980s facilitated achieving donor objectives, decentralized institutional development, and national-level reforms favoring decentralization. Analysis of this experience reveals that these design features reduced the costs and increased the benefits of decentralized implementation for the donor, while allowing synergies between implementation and institution building to be exploited. Indeed, in the context of Peru’s highly centralized, control-oriented public sector, bypass mechanisms traditionally used by donors to expedite implementation and insulate projects from uncertainty also generally enhanced the development of decentralized institutions. The lessons distilled in this case study have broad relevance since the sorts of administrative obstacles encountered by USAID in Peru—excessive centralization, disbursement bottlenecks, and onerous bureaucratic controls—are all too frequently found in other developing countries. Gregory D. Schmidt is an associate professor of political science at Northern Illinois University and an associate ofSeguimiento, Análisis y Evaluación Para el Desarrollo (SASE), a Peruvian nongovernmental organization specializing in grassroots development. He is the author of a book and various journal articles on development issues, and of a forthcoming book on the 1990 Peruvian presidential election.     

Rethinking global governance: a China model in the making?

This paper examines Chinese perspectives on global governance, an area in which China has increased substantially the depth and breadth of its participation. The paper attempts to draw a mainstream perspective to inform our understanding of some key aspects of China's foreign policy. It demonstrates that while China's statist preference appeals to some Third World countries, such a preference leads the country to clash with the West over how to tackle global issues collectively, particularly over humanitarian intervention. While the Chinese perspective is in the process of evolving and far from reaching maturity, it is questionable whether the global community led by the West would find the Westphalian practice that China embraces admirable.     

Rethinking agency and structure in the study of regime change

The oscillation of the study of political regime change between voluntarist and structural approaches has increasingly led scholars to seek research strategies for synthesizing the two approaches. This article addresses the conceptual and practical difficulties of achieving such a synthesis by evaluating several strategies for integrating voluntarist and structural factors in the analysis of regime change. It examines competing ways of conceptualizing agency and structure and assesses the varied consequences that different conceptualizations have for explaining regime transformation. The article also analyzes three distinct strategies for integrating agency and structure: the funnel, path-dependent, and eclectic strategies. Each integrative strategy isanchored by a different conceptual base and has characteristic strengths and limitations. The conclusion explores future directions for developing integrative strategies. The authors are listed in alphabetical order and share equal responsibility for the content of this analysis. We appreciate helpful comments and suggestions from Christopher Ansell, Ruth Berins Collier, Michael Bratton, David Collier, Larry Diamond, Giuseppe di Palma, Peter Evans, John Foran, Jeff Goodwin, Tomasz Grabowski, Ernst Haas, Stephan Haggard, Jonathan Hartlyn, Terry Karl, Steven Levitsky Juan Linz, Gerardo Munck, Pierre Ostiguy, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Eric Selbin, Michael Sinatra, Jutta Weldes, Alexander Wendt, and Brendan Works. James Mahoney is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Brown University. He is currently finishing a book that analyzes liberalism and regime change in five Central American countries during the 19th and 20th centuries. Richard Snyder is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has published numerous articles on both regime change and the politics of economic reform. He is currently completing a forthcoming book entitledPolitics after Neoliberalism.     

构成安全威胁的脆弱国家——经济学和外部干预层面的反思

冷战结束后国际局势的新变化,增强了重新认识和研究脆弱或失败国家的紧迫性。如今,许多新近出现及处于从威权或独裁体制向奉行自由市场经济的开明体制转轨的国家已清楚地意识到,对国家的认识不能想当然。虽然国家的构建主要取决于一个国家自身的努力,但外部力量的影响和干预同样必不可少。在脆弱国家与安全议题之间存在着很强的相关性。     

中国发展道路的反思:不应抛弃社会主义革命的历史遗产

阿里夫·德里克教授现任职于美国俄勒冈大学,他长期致力于中国问题研究,尤其是中国近代史及中国革命史的研究。其代表作有《革命与历史———中国马克思主义史学的起源》、《中国共产主义的起源》、《中国革命中的无政府主义》、《革命之后:警惕全球资本主义》、《后殖民氛围》等。德里克教授是美国社会科学界的代表性人物、西方学界研究中国的权威学者。在本文中,阿里夫·德里克教授对雷默先生提出的“北京共识”进行了批判性讨论,并就中国的发展道路进行反思,认为中国在发展的进程中不应该抛弃民族经济的一体化、自主发展、政治和经济的主权以及社会平等等社会主义革命的历史遗产。     

Rethinking Public Service Delivery: Managing with External Providers John Alford and Janine O'Flynn

Governance by Green Taxes. By Mikael Skou Anderson. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994. £40 hb; £14.99 pb.

The German Greens, Challenging the Consensus. By Thomas Scharf. Berg, 1994. Pp.278. £34.95 hb; £14.95 pb.

Privatisation and Popular Capitalism. By Peter Saunders and Colin Harris. Open University Press, 1994. Pp.192. £37.50 hb; £12.99 pb.

Cymuned a Chenedl: Ysgrifau ar Ymreolaeth. By Ioan Bowen Rees. Gomer Press, Llandysul, Dyfed, 1993. Pp.233. £9.95.

Success and Failure in Housing Provision: European Systems Compared. By James Barlow and Simon Duncan. Pergamon, 1994. Pp. 170. £24.95 pb.

Planning and Urban Change. By Stephen V. Ward, London: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd, 1994. Pp.320. £14.95.

Citizens and Cities: Urban Policy in the 1990s. By Dilys M. Hill. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1994. Pp.262. £10.95 pb.

Quality in Public Services: Managers’ Choice. By Lucy Gaster. Public Policy and Management Series, Open University Press, 1995. Pp.149. £37.50 hb; £13.99 pb.

Managing in Local Government. By Richard Kerley. Macmillan, 1994. Pp.256. £37.50 hb; £11.99 pb.

Divided Britain. By Ray Hudson and Allan Williams. John Wiley, 2nd edn., 1995. Pp.315. £12.95 pb.

Public Policy in Britain. Edited by Stephen Savage, Rob Atkinson and Lynton Robins. Macmillan, 1994. Pp.316. £40 hb; £12.99 pb.

The Channel Tunnel: A Geographical Perspective. Edited by Richard Gibb. Wiley, 1994. Pp.220 + bibliography. £39.95.

Education Reform: A Critical and Post‐Structural Approach. By Stephen J. Ball. Open University Press, 1994. Pp.xii + 164. £37.50.

Reinvesting a Region: Restructuring in West Yorkshire. Edited by Graham Houghton and William Whitney. Avebury, 1994. Pp.243. £27.50 hb.

Against All Odds: Local Economic Development Policies and Local Government Autonomy in Sweden and Britain. By Christine Hudson, Research Report 1993:3, Department of Political Science, University of Umeå, Sweden, 1993.

On The Third Age, Inlogov Informs, Issue 2, Volume 4, 1994/5. Edited by Lesley Grayson and Margaret Hobson. Institute of Local Government Studies, University of Birmingham, 1995. Pp.155. £35 pb.     

国际金融危机背景下对中东欧经济转轨问题的再思考

转轨20年来,中东欧国家已经建立了市场经济体制,经济转轨的任务已经完成。围绕中东欧经济转轨方式的争论,如休克疗法与渐进主义等,在转轨20年后虽然已无现实意义,但仍具有永恒的学术意义。全球化与欧洲化为中东欧国家的赶超创造了有益的条件,但全球经济的波动也给中东欧国家带来了潜在的风险。国际金融危机并不会导致中东欧国家抛弃现有的增长模式,但并不排除中东欧国家对增长模式进行微调。国际金融危机的冲击对"改革疲乏症"敲响了警钟,为中东欧国家进一步加快改革提供了契机。     

反思少年司法理论运用发展差异研究对科学和法律的影响

美国联邦最高法院近期作出的三个少年司法判决采纳了发展差异研究学者提出的弱可责性模型,认为少年与成年的发展差异致使其具有较轻的可责性,进而推导出对少年犯罪采用弱报应模型,减轻对少年犯罪的处罚力度。首先,发展差异研究存在很多方法论缺陷。其次,弱报应模型仍以报应论作为刑罚的依据。而报应论把犯人视为具有固化坏品质的自主个体,他们有意识地选择违法,因此罪有应得。但这一人类行为模型严重脱离了行为科学、神经生理学、临床科学等领域的最新发展成果,即人类行为的生理心理社会学模型认为人类行为受多重因素影响,并且不断发展变化。少年司法及刑事司法哲学应该放弃报应论,转向以多种科学理论为支撑的结果主义司法惩罚理论。