基于污水流行病学的全球毒品流行趋势

毒品滥用对于社会和谐安定、人们的身体健康都造成严重影响。污水流行病学（Wastewater-Based Epidemiology,WBE）中的毒品监测已成为当前禁毒领域的“黑科技”,从最初对传统毒品的消耗监测,延伸到新精神活性物质（new psychoactive substances,NPS）的消耗监测。参考国内外WBE相关研究,对国际上基于WBE监测毒品消费的研究进行综述,并分析全球传统毒品和NPS的流行趋势。各大洲流行的毒品具有明显差别,欧洲流行的毒品主要为可卡因,其次是苯丙胺类毒品;北美洲、大洋洲、亚洲常见的毒品为甲基苯丙胺,但亚洲消费明显较低;南美洲和非洲研究较少,可卡因是较为流行的毒品。基于WBE可以在时间、地理位置上更加客观真实的反映全球毒品消费趋势,可为国家有效实施毒品监管提供参考。     

美国流行打官司不求人

美国法律界的专家说,美国法律界出现一个新的趋势,这就是越来越多有法律麻烦的人不聘请律师,而是由自己担任法律代表上法庭打官司。在美国主张法律顾问当事人在法庭上自己充当法律代表的各种组织中,“自己担任自己的法律代表”协会是最大的一个。这个非营利组织设在新泽西州,对寻求咨询的人征收小额费用,并依靠成员的捐款维持运作。它的成员通常都是那些在法庭上不请法律顾问、由本人担任法律代表的当事人。     

苯丙胺类兴奋剂β酮策划药代谢途径的研究进展

近年来,苯丙胺类兴奋剂的β酮(bK)策划药相继在许多国家的毒品市场中出现,由于该类物质潜在的依赖性和已经导致的死亡事件,许多国家已经将其列为管制的物质。本文介绍了通过GC/MS和LC/MS方法对苯丙胺类兴奋剂的衍生物4-甲基甲卡西酮、bk-MDMA、bk-MBDB和bk-MDEA检测的相关研究结果,以说明其主要代谢途径。以期为临床医学、法庭毒理学以及禁毒机构监控该类物质提供参考。     

新闻也需要“策划”

说到策划,人们自然会联想到市场营销策划、文艺演出策划,公关策划以及一些更高层次意义上策划,如外交策划、战争策划、谈判策划等。其实,我们新闻报道也需要策划,尤其是在新闻竞争日益激烈的今天.各新闻媒体如何才能独占鳌头并立于不败之地;每位编采人员怎样才能不断抓到大鱼以确保自己不会被老总炒鱿鱼或是在竟争中遭自然淘汰,新闻策划就显得更为重要。那么,究竟什么是新闻策划?要弄清这一概念,我们不妨先来看什么是策划?《辞海》对策划解释为计划、打     

GC/MS法检测苯二氮?类策划药——2′-氯-地西泮

1案例资料及检验1.1简要案情犯罪嫌疑人邀请被害人蒋某于2017年7月6日晚至某KTV唱歌,期间乘其不备在啤酒内倒入某种液体,蒋某喝下啤酒后失去知觉并被强奸。公安机关于3日后抓获犯罪嫌疑人,并从其口袋内查获标有“弥漫之夜”字样的小瓶一个,瓶内仍有液体约2mL。     

学报编辑选题策划原则断想

选题策划是学报编辑工作中一项非常重要的工作 ,学报编辑要策划出经典选题 ,在选题策划过程中 ,必须坚持和遵循选题策划原则。社会效益和经济效益是选题策划最全面、最权威的原则 ,但由于理论上的空泛性 ,使之在实际运用中多将其具体化。具体化的选题策划原则是多方面的 ,并且各具体化的原则对学报编辑选题策划时的影响作用是不同的。本文认为 :为读者服务原则、从实际出发原则、创新性原则、前瞻性原则和信息性原则等五条原则起主要的影响作用。     

纳税筹划中的成本策划

纳税筹划的实质就是对纳税成本进行策划。在对纳税成本进行成本策划的过程中,不仅要考虑纳税成本本身, 而且还要考虑其他相关因素。在纳税筹划中,成本策划不仅是战术性的,而且还是战略性的。     

著名策划高人竟是命案逃犯

2013年5月15日晚上10时许,在贵阳市某酒店打工的杨顺明,接到云南老乡的邀请,前往贵阳市世纪南山小区一栋居民楼会所老乡聚餐。     

从畅销青春文学作品看中学生课外读物的编辑策划原则

中学生课外读物虚该遵循以下7个原则:必须符合细分市场和目标读者的需求;创新原则;寻求社会效益和经济效益的和谐统一;正确把握和合理利用编辑策划的规律;教育性和中学生读者的阅读习惯和接受方式和谐统一;正确把握和合理利用编辑策划的规律。     

The designer drug situation in Ibiza

A total of 137 urine samples and 46 serum samples, corresponding to 154 self-confessed designer drugs consumers in Ibiza island, were analyzed for the presence of designer drugs: amphetamine and amphetamine derivatives (methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), p-methoxymethylamphetamine (PMMA), p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), etc.), ketamine and γ-hydroxybutyric acid. Among this population, coming both from the forensic clinic and from the emergency room of a hospital, a total of 99 cases were found positive for some designer drug. This study shows the prevalence of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) among designer drug users, sole or in association with other drugs. Also, the mixture of MDMA with other designer drugs, ethanol and/or cocaine is shown to be more likely to produce toxic symptoms requiring clinical attendance in a hospital emergency room. These findings along with the consumption history, the concentrations of drugs and metabolites in urine and serum and the toxicological significance for the interpretation of some MDMA metabolites such as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) are discussed in this study.     

从ICE看缴获毒品检验的发展趋势

当今世界缴获毒品检验使用的技术发展迅速,为促进各国相关实验室间的技术交流,国际合作测试项目(ICE)已开展多次,本文通过对ICE缴获毒品组测试结果和总体评估报告进行分析,针对国际上缴获毒品检验常用技术方法及发展趋势进行分析,希望能为相关研究和实践提供一些参考和借鉴.     

Mass spectral and NMR spectral data of two new designer drugs with an alpha-aminophenone structure: 4'-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone and 4'-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone

This study presents and discusses the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic and mass spectroscopic data of the new designer drug 4'-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MPBP) and its homolog 4'-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MPHP) which were seized in 2004 and 2000 in Germany for the first time. The structure elucidation of the aliphatic part of MPBP was carried out by product ion spectroscopy of the immonium ion formed after electron ionization as well as with 1H and 13C NMR. Product ion spectroscopy of immonium ions again proved to be a powerful tool to determine the structure of designer drugs and to distinguish between isobaric structures of the alkyl-amino moiety.     

Isomeric fluoro-methoxy-phenylalkylamines: a new series of controlled-substance analogues (designer drugs)

An impressively large number of clandestinely produced controlled-substance analogues (designer drugs) of amphetamine with high structural variety have been encountered in forensic samples in recent years. The continuous designer drug exploration and their widespread consumption results in an increasing number of reports regarding abuse and intoxication. This study presents the analytical properties of a series of new fluoro-methoxy-substituted controlled-substance analogues of amphetamine. Three ring positional isomeric fluoroamphetamines, two isomeric fluoromethoxyamphetamines, two N-alkyl 4-fluoroamphetamines, and one 4-fluorophenylbutan-2-amine were identified and differentiated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR). The regioisomeric 2-, 3-, and 4-fluoroamphetamines and the regioisomeric fluoro-methoxyamphetamines show virtually identical mass spectra so that this method is insufficient to discriminate between these closely related compounds. The mass spectra of the acetylated compounds allowed a differentiation of the 4-fluoroamphetamine from its regioisomeric 2- and 3-fluoroamphetamines. The gas chromatographic properties of the three regioisomeric fluoroamphetamines and their acetylated and trifluoroacetylated derivatives are also so similar that a complete separation of these compounds could not be achieved under GC-MS conditions. The two isomeric compounds 5-fluoro-2-methoxyamphetamine and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyamphetamine on the other hand showed significant different gas chromatographic retention times so that a separation was uncomplicated. The trifluoroacetylation of these compounds proved to be an effective method for their mass spectral differentiation. Gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy and 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance allowed an unequivocal differentiation of all studied regioisomeric fluoroamphetamines and fluoro-methoxyamphetamines.     

毛细管电泳在毒品检验中的应用

毛细管电泳因其自身特性而适用于毒品检测。本文重点对毛细管电泳的五种模式在毒品检验中的应用进行了综述和比较 ,包括各自检测方法的应用范围、优点和局限。     

The modern trends in alcohol, drugs and driving research

Research on alcohol, drugs and driving can be broadly separated into experimental and epidemiological studies. Every approach has its inherent advantages and disadvantages. Experimental studies can result in an interpretation by single cause, but can only identify potential risks, and the results can sometimes be of limited value because of the use of non-realistic doses or because of the drug use history or inter-individual differences of the volunteers. Recent studies have used higher, more realistic doses and paid more attention to the combination of alcohol and drugs and have shown that the chronic use of illicit drugs can be associated with some cognitive and/or psychomotor impairment, and can lead to a decrease in driving performance even when the subject is no longer intoxicated.Epidemiological studies include roadside surveys, studies in a subset of drivers, accident risk studies, responsibility analyses, surveys and pharmaco-epidemiological studies. Between studies, results may be incomparable due to testing different populations, different kinds of samples, etc. More large-scale roadside studies are conducted now.Advances in analytical toxicology have also contributed to a better understanding of the risks associated with driving under the influence. While older studies measured the inactive metabolite THC-COOH and did not show an increased risk in cannabis-positive drivers, more recent studies measured the active THC in blood and did show a concentration dependent increase in crash risk. The use of LC–MS/MS has allowed more broad-range screening as this technique can measure many different drugs in a small sample volume. While some older studies used saliva but had many analytical problems (including an insufficient sample volume in up to a third of the cases), newer methods of saliva sampling and analysis give better results. The use of saliva for roadside surveys allows non-invasive sampling, but the lack of correlation with the concentrations in blood makes interpretation of results difficult.The results of both epidemiological and experimental studies should be combined to obtain a good estimate of the impact of certain drugs on driving performance and accident risk. In 2006–07 a committee of international experts drafted guidelines for future research into drugs and driving. These have been taken on board by the DRUID project, a large-scale EU funded project on driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines.     

固根萃取技术在系统药、毒物分析中的应用

根据反相色谱法及离子交换色谱法的原理,研制了一种固相萃取小柱,建立了筛分系统,可以同时完成对复杂体系中酸性、中性及碱性药、毒物的一次革取净化及富集,适应于系统毒物及药物筛分工作的需要。并对筛分柱的草取机理进行了初步的实验论证。