论六朝时期史学与文学的关系

在当时史学发展的大环境中,六朝史学已经具有了自己独立的地位与个性特征,比如史体的齐备、史家对外交、军事、区域、制度史的关注等.但由于六朝文学风气之盛,使史学难逃其影响,在史书语言、史书载文及叙事方式等方面无不留有六朝文学的痕迹.可见,六朝时期史学的特质与文学有着密切关系.     

The Use of Race and Ethnicity in Medicine: Lessons from the African-American Heart Failure Trial

Race or ethnic identity, despite its imprecise categorization, is a useful means of identifying population differences in mechanisms of disease and treatment effects. Therefore, race and other arbitrary demographic and physiological variables have appropriately served as a helpful guide to clinical management and to clinical trial participation. The African-American Heart Failure Trial was carried out in African-Americans with heart failure because prior data had demonstrated a uniquely favorable effect in this subpopulation of the drug combination in BiDil. The remarkable effect of the drug in reducing mortality in this study has illuminated an important new mechanism of therapy for heart failure. Application of these findings need not be confined to the population studied, but the observation highlights the need for more precise ways to identify individual responsiveness to therapy.     

R. (Martin) v Mahony: the History of a Classical Certiorari Authority

R. (Martin) v Mahony, a decision of the Irish High Court of 1910, continues to be acknowledged by modern textbook writers as a leading authority for the classical rule that certiorari could not correct error of law. This rule, which considerably reduced judicial superintendence of magistrates' courts, had been established by the English court of Queen's Bench in the 1840s. However, the rule was repudiated by the Exchequer Division in Ireland in the late 1880s, which developed a novel, liberal theory of certiorari. This doctrinal innovation, which was used in overturning convictions under the anti-boycotting statute, the Criminal Law and Procedure Act 1887, appalled sections of Lord Salisbury's government, was disapproved of by the English courts, and split the Irish judiciary. The division caused by the doctrine persisted until 1910 when the Irish High Court, having assembled in banc in Martin's Case in order to resolve the impasse, re-established orthodox English doctrine.     

被消费的文革历史与当代现实——消费文化语境下《兄弟》的生产与传播

余华的<兄弟>在2005、2006年的分期出版是当代文学的一次重要事件,它的生产与传播过程典型地显示了消费市场和商品文化主导与影响下的文学生产机制对文学的宰制作用.从文学叙事的角度看,消费文化及其文学生产机制影响了<兄弟>的审美品格和叙事特征,文革历史与改革时代的现实在小说中呈现出夸饰化、漫画化、荒诞化的倾向.这种文学症候标识出余华由先锋作家到畅销写手的某种隐形蜕变,同时,对于当代文学的发展来说,文学与市场、消费文化保持适度联姻时,要规避其对文学自主性和文学审美品质的潜在伤害,要对消费文化保持适当的警觉.     

西方自由主义影响下的新闻自由——从17世纪以来西方政治传播学历史文献的角度

17世纪以来,投身于英国资产阶级革命的西方政治哲学家们对个人自由和新闻自由进行了深入的思考和论证,自由主义延伸到新闻传播中自然便提出了思想自由、言论自由以及出版自由等问题。17世纪以来的西方政治哲学家们基本上都将上述自由归因于天赋人权。英国思想家弥尔顿强调人是理性动物,保护言论和出版自由是因为只有允许人们公开辩论才能够发现真理,20世纪以来依靠公开辩论发现真理这一观念最终导致了思想和意见的自由市场理论的产生,它们成为支撑新闻自由理论的基石。在西方,新闻自由被人们视为一项绝对的精神权利,理论的倡导最终也导致了实践中的立法保障。回顾新闻自由的发展过程,有助于我们理解20世纪以来自由主义复兴的西方当代社会语境中,新闻自由所面对的进退维谷的现实。     

Literature in the Dock: The Trials of Oscar Wilde

This essay uses the recently published expanded record of the Queensberry libel trial to revisit the relationship between the 'literary' and 'sexual' dimensions of the Wilde scandal. The defence was guided by an integrated conception of the links between the two that shaped both the public responses and the legal proceedings, including the criminal prosecution. The conflict between moral literalism and aesthetic indeterminacy not only informed the legal determination of sexual guilt but also was inflected by social class in ways that contributed to the construction of male homosexuality and of the 'literary'.     

The Political Organization of Soviet Society: Principal Emphases in Scholarly Research (A Survey of the Literature of 1973-75)

The decisions of the Party orient all the social sciences, including the legal disciplines, to deeper and more diverse investigation of various spheres of the sociopolitical life of Soviet society and to study of the most recent tendencies and phenomena in the work of various sociopolitical institutions. An important place in this regard is occupied by the treatment of questions pertaining to the political organization of Soviet society. Considerable attention has been paid in our literature and in that of the socialist countries to study of this subject, particularly in recent years. This is shown, in part, by the appearance of a number of specialized books treating various aspects of the political organization of Soviet society and also by a large number of articles. (1)     

文学意识与媒体意识的重奏——《钟山》与"新写实文学"的兴起

在"新写实"文学思潮的倡导过程中,<钟山>成功地将文学意识和媒体意识加以结合,它对文学思潮或文学倾向积极倡导,并进一步文本化、学理化、定性化.对于这一类型的文学作品集中力量的发表和推荐,复活了曾经被屏蔽了的现代媒体意识,是新时期大陆文学刊物中较早成功体现媒体运作策略的刊物.这也是<钟山>以主人公姿态积极参与文学创作过程的文学策略的有效运作.由此奠定了<钟山>在全国大型文学刊物中的先锋地位.     

History of forensic serology and molecular genetics in the sphere of activity of the German Society for Forensic Medicine

In the field of forensic serology, essential developmental impulses have come from the sphere of activity of the German Society for Forensic Medicine. Among these are the orientating enzyme-reactive and specific tests for blood using crystallization tests, the determination of the species-specificity of the donor of the stain and the beginning of the individualization of a stain to its donor. Pioneering work has also been done in the development of blood group serology of the conventional markers. DNA analysis originated in the Anglo-Saxon region. The German Society for Forensic Medicine also contributed to its further progress and essentially influenced it e.g. by the discovery of microsatellite markers, including STRs, by the validation of numerous test methods, by optimization of these methods and by preliminary work for the use of mass spectrometry in DNA analysis.     

Article 53(b) EPC: A Challenge to the Novartis Theory of European Patent History

The authoritative ( Novartis/transgenic plant systems ) interpretation of the Article 53(b) EPC exclusion from European patentability of plant and animal varieties, and essentially biological processes for the creation of plants and animals, is considered, and its significance for the trend of EPO jurisprudence and legitimacy of the EC Biotechnology Patenting Directive noted. The Enlarged Board of Appeal's justification for that interpretation in Novartis with reference to the exclusion's legislative history is challenged, and an alternative theory of that history proposed, based on a thorough analysis of the unpublished travaux préparatoires for the Strasbourg and European Patent Conventions. In addition to elucidating the framers' (actual and presumed) intent with respect to the Article 53(b) exclusion, that analysis offers an insight into post-war legal unification methodology and its continued impact on one of the most contentious and technical areas of intellectual property law.     

受教育权的本质:从代际、学习社会到维性

对受教育权本质的认识直接决定着各国对受教育权保护重点的选择。笔者采用瓦萨克的人权代际论对受教育权的规定性加以考察,并形成了关于受教育权本质的三种理论:公民权说或政治权说;经济、社会、文化权说;发展权说。同时,又采用国际教育发展委员会关于“学习社会”的理论提出了学习权说。在系统探讨上述四种学说的基础上,笔者从受教育权维度的视角提出了关于受教育权本质的“四维说”。