The evolution of externality rights: Flexibility versus ambiguity

Coase argued that externality rights should sometimes be flexible, but warned that ambiguity can also hinder market transactions. Flexible liability is not uncommon and can be shown to provide useful information under nonconvexity. At a global optimum, each side must be able to compensate the other. There are also limited incentive gains from flexible liability for private externalities. For public externalities, however, claims will be exaggerated when agents are risk seeking and understated when they are risk averse. Efficient specifications of right are thus unlikely to emerge from self-interested litigation alone.     

Property Rights and Game-Theory Implications of Satellite Communications: The Bilateral Case of Greece and Russia

In this paper we examine the actual legal situation concerning the attribution of geostatic positions and frequencies and the problems of frequency interference by other satellites due to not fully clear property rights. We analyze the property rights setting governing satellite communications and review the implications of the Coase theorem of these rules through a game theoretical approach between two players: Russia and Greece (Hellasat commercial communication attempt). The basic finding, in accordance with the theorem's prediction under non-zero and possibly high transaction costs, is that the end result may be sub-optimal due to the inappropriate present specification of property rights, leading either to non-use of scarce resources, or to total over-investment.     

A Different Reason for “De-Coasing” Environmental Law and Economics

The so-called Coase Theorem is one of the cornerstones of the Law and Economics approach. This paper investigates whether it is appropriate to apply the Coasean framework in the context of Environmental Law and Economics. Even when transaction costs are zero, it is argued that in the specific case of environmental policy the initial assignment of rights will seriously affect the final allocation of resources. To support this thesis empirical evidence backed up by theoretical explanations are presented. The methodological distinction between negligible, domain and heuristic assumptions and the elaboration of a ‘logical time’ of the Coase Theorem are crucial to understand why eventually the Coase Theorem should not be applied to the realm of environmental law and policy.JEL Classification: D23, K0, K32, Q2     

人体基因财产权研究——“人格性财产权”的证成与施用

按照经典权利理论中人/物、人格权/财产权的二元界分逻辑,人体基因作为整全的人身的组成部分,处于人格权的保护之下,被禁止用于谋利性交易。然而,随着基因科技的发展及基因的产业化应用,人/物的界限被内移到了人自身,人体基因也日益外化而具有独立的经济价值。当基因科技的施为力量已在某种程度上消弭了经典权利理论所依仗的人/物二元界分的基础时,试图非此即彼地以人格权或财产权来界定人体基因的法律属性,都不会实现关于基因利益的公平分配和确保人格不被减等的结果。问题的出路,似乎在于在人格权和财产权的混同处,提出一个新的人格性财产权的范畴界定人体基因的法律属性,并综合运用人格权和财产权的保护机制来保障基因资源提供者的利益。     

Telephone Number Allocation: A Property Rights Approach

This paper analyzes the coordination, competition and resource allocation problems associated with telephone numbers, and it examines the advantages and disadvantages of various allocation mechanisms from a property rights perspective. We suggest to move away from current administrative number allocation procedures to a market-based auction mechanism, at least for the most valuable numbers. It is also argued that number portability is essential not only for reducing consumer switching costs, but also for efficient investment into a number's value, as only number portability enables telephone users to obtain unfettered property rights in their telephone numbers.     

论宪法上的财产权——根据人在社会中的自治地位所作的解说

在宪法上 ,财产权是社会中自主、自决、自治的人追求幸福的条件 ,而不是法律上一切人格体瓜分经济价值的形式。它与经济学的产权概念有巨大差异 ;同时 ,也不是复制民法的财产权概念。宪法列举财产权 ,旨在排除公权力的侵犯。公权力侵犯财产权的本质在于限制甚至排斥社会中自我决定和自我实现的独立人格 ,其形式包括扭曲该项权利的主客体结构、恣意予以剥夺和不适当地予以限制 ,其最严重的不利效果是公共财产过度扩张。宪法保护财产权最关键的环节不是公私财产“一体保护” (平等保护 ) ,而是防止公共财产过度扩张。只要公共财产过度扩张 ,即使实行“一体保护” ,人们也不能享有适当的自治地位。 2 0 0 4年 3月通过的宪法修正案加强了对财产权的保护 ,突出了它作为人权的特征。科学实施 2 0 0 4年修正案的规定 ,需要从人在社会中的自治地位出发 ,结合现行宪法的发展历程 ,适当解决条文没有直接回答的若干重大问题     

主观与客观之间——知识产权“信息说”的重新审视

作为知识产权对象的信息不应是信息论意义上的信息,而应是控制论意义上的信息,即具有"同型结构+意义"双重结构。这有其法学上的规范意义。具备"源于人、有价值、法定性"条件的信息即可成为知识产权的对象,其特点有主客观双重属性、与载体的可分离性、可复制性、可传递性、可共享性等。知识产权的诸多困境即源于信息的主客观双重属性。     

论债权物权化趋势

现代市场经济条件下出现了物权债权化和债权物权化两种趋势,债权与物权的这种相互融合和渗透,对民法理论之发展,对社会实践之作用,深具意义。文章仅就债权物权化几种趋势进行分析,旨在重新审视传统的物权和债权制度,有利于现代物权观念的建立和现代物权制度的构建以及国企改革之实践。     

产权与竞争:关于行政垄断的研究

产权是竞争的前提,竞争则是产权保护的逻辑延伸;产权制度具有使经济财富与政治权力相区分的功能。行政垄断起源于权力与财富相结合的经济、政治体制,是我国转型时期垄断的主要表现形式,其本质是产权失灵导致的腐败行为。消除行政垄断的反垄断法方案,不得忽视产权这一对竞争有重要影响的制度核心。     

A comment on methodological concerns: A rejoinder

This rejoinder to Professor Cohen's Comment is intended to elaborate on approaches we utilized in our original paper. Some of our specification was necessitated by data availability (e.g., the specification of the sanction process). We attempt to clarify our approach in regard to the intervention process. We provide an explanation of the modeling that could underly a test of the hypothesis that the control effect is a product of the arrest process—a test that we had regarded as informative but peripheral to our main points. As noted, a significant part of that test utilizes the full range of control variables available to us. Finally, we enumerate what we felt to be the main points of our paper—points we are afraid might otherwise be lost in this discussion of methodology.     

财产权与契约关系——黑格尔《法哲学原理》读书札记

根据黑格尔的理解。作为自由意志定在的财产权实现离不开契约交换，契约交换是财产权实现的中介。契约关系是自由意志间的关系，其核心是将单一意志变为共同意志，并在共同意志下实现财产所有权交换。依据是否以平等人格为前提，契约分为形式契约与真实契约。私人间契约关系具有偶然性，因而，私人契约关系内在地要求客观公共力量的存在。从经济关系的雏度理解契约关系，这不仅有助于从学理上深刻把握契约关系的实质内容，更有助于把握《物权法》颁布对于当代中国现代性进程的重要意义。     

我国著作权质押制度探析

著作权质押作为著作权利用的重要形式,正日益成为版权产业融资的有效途径。然而我国关于著作权质押制度的立法还比较简单,尚待完善。笔者认为立法应结合著作权的特殊性,对著作权质押的标的、合同登记的效力、权利义务分配等基本问题作出明确回答,以实现出质人与质权人的利益平衡,充分体现著作权质押制度的价值所在。     

纳税人权利话语之法理形构

有关纳税人权利话语的实践性议论和法律议论唤起了法学方法论的觉醒,但关于纳税人的权益如何构成一项公法上主观权利或宪法权利的争辩并没有被认真对待。如果直接从公民基本权利的性质切入,再加以层级化的结果,可以将之分为:自然权、宪法基本权利和一般法律权利三个层次,税法上的纳税人权利的主观公权利性质似乎没有疑问,但是宪法层次的纳税人权利面临着法律实践和理论的困难,在宪法解释学意义上所谓“纳税人基本权利”也许可以解释为宪法基本权利和纳税义务之间的平衡。     

著作财产权客体结构中的使用行为——审视著作权法权利作用“焦点”的一个阐释进路

知识产权客体是一种多重构造体系,除涵盖知识产权处分客体(知识产权利益)以外,还存在知识产权支配客体(使用行为)与行为客体(抽象物)之分。就著作财产权而言,权利作用焦点的行为客体路径更多制造的是表述模糊的历史性概念,在权利边界的设定方式上难以限定,并不能一劳永逸地解决著作财产权的权利作用焦点困境。著作财产权的支配权能并非指向独占之作品,而是限制他人对作品的某些使用行为。支配客体(使用行为)路径始终贯穿于著作财产权的权利作用焦点思路当中。在反思著作财产权的支配客体,对使用行为进行定性与价值判断时,应避免时下合理使用原则、三步检验法传统规则的价值偏向与闭合趋势。使用行为的商业性和公开性(即公、私区分)作为合理使用原则、三步检验法等使用行为定性及价值判断基准仍具有重要的补充和参考作用。     

A false start in the race against doping in sport: concerns with cycling's biological passport

Professional cycling has suffered from a number of doping scandals. The sport's governing bodies have responded by implementing an aggressive new antidoping program known as the biological passport. Cycling's biological passport marks a departure from traditional antidoping efforts, which have focused on directly detecting prohibited substances in a cyclist's system. Instead, the biological passport tracks biological variables in a cyclist's blood and urine over time, monitoring for fluctuations that are thought to indirectly reveal the effects of doping. Although this method of indirect detection is promising, it also raises serious legal and scientific concerns. Since its introduction, the cycling community has debated the reliability of indirect biological-passport evidence and the clarity, consistency, and transparency of its use in proving doping violations. Such uncertainty undermines the legitimacy of finding cyclists guilty of doping based on this indirect evidence alone. Antidoping authorities should address these important concerns before continuing to pursue doping sanctions against cyclists solely on the basis of their biological passports.     

论域名的法律性质

域名本是与计算机的互联网协议地址相对应,用于识别和定位计算机的层次结构式的字符标识,然而,域名之上却承载着某种的利益.尽管因该种利益目前还没有被任何一个国家的法律承认为一种民事权利或知识产权而不能成为域名权利,但凡是通过合法途径获得域名的域名注册人的利益均普遍受到各国法律的承认和保护,换言之,通过合法途径获得的域名之上承载的利益属于未权利化的合法或正当利益,即域名权益.同时鉴于域名权益与知识产权的相似性,则可以进一步认为域名之上承载的利益应为一种类似于知识产权的新型民事权益.     

我国知识产权领域科研课题立项状况研究——基于1994—2011年科研项目的数据分析

知识产权科研课题是知识产权研究的重要形式,其在一定程度上反映了我国知识产权研究的状况和水平。通过对1994—2011年期间我国主要的知识产权领域科研课题的立项、分布等情况的实证分析,可以了解和揭示我国近些年来知识产权领域科研课题的状况,以便改进我国知识产权科研立项机制,同时对于学者们申报和从事相关知识产权问题课题研究也具有参考价值。     

论民国初期“物权契约理论”的发展——以大理院判例中不动产物权变动模式为例

清末时期,法制变革,西方民法学理论被引入并逐步传播开来。至民国初期,民事法律继续沿用前清现行律中的民事有效部分。接受过西方民法学理论教育的大理院推事们在民事审判实践中,运用大陆法系的物权理论审理物权变动案件形成了很多经典判例。这些判例在内容上客观地展现了物权变动模式在民国初期的发展趋向,在一定程度上反映了物权契约理论的发展历程。     

知识产权质押中的登记问题探究

知识产权质押登记在实践中存在的问题既来自理论研究的不完备,主要表现为对知识产权类权利质押的性质定位不准确;也来自管理理念的陈旧落后,具体表现为未把握好效率和安全的平衡。解决的方法一是从＂占有理论＂和＂优先权＂方面对其进行弥补,明确知识产权质押具有抵押的权能;二是从统一登记平台、实行形式审查、减少不必要的登记事项着手建立统一的登记机制。这两方面努力的目的是使知识产权质押登记向具有私法性质的＂公示＂回归。     

我国限制知识产权滥用的法律思考

知识产权性质上是一种私权垄断,在市场经济条件下易于被滥用。我国反垄断法应将限制知识产权滥用作为其重要组成部分,充分考虑权利各方的利益,特别注意权利人与社会公众利益的协调,同时,设置独立的反垄断执法机构,并适当考虑法律的成本与收益之间的关系。