The Trajectories of Crime at Places: Understanding the Patterns of Disaggregated Crime Types

Objectives

Investigate the spatial concentrations and the stability of trajectories for disaggregated crime types on street segments and intersections in Vancouver, Canada.

Methods

A longitudinal analysis of 16 years of crime data using street segments and intersections as the units of analysis. We use the k-means non-parametric cluster analysis technique considering eight crime types: assault, burglary, robbery, theft, theft of vehicle, theft from vehicle, other, and total crime.

Results

The overall results for the individual crime types versus overall crime are similar: crime is highly concentrated regardless of crime type, most street segment and intersection trajectories are stable over time with the others decreasing, and most decreasing trajectories are in the same general areas. However, there are notable differences across crime types that need to be considered when attempting to understand spatial pattern changes and implement crime prevention initiatives.

Conclusions

The law of crime concentration at places holds in Vancouver, Canada for disaggregated crime types in the context of spatial concentrations and their stability over time. However, notable differences exist across crime types that should be accounted for when developing theory or policy.

     

身份犯类型的学理探讨

身份犯是刑法中明文规定的由具有特定身份的犯罪主体进行的一类犯罪。根据主体身份对共同犯罪的刑事责任的影响 ,可以将身份犯分为纯正身份犯与不纯正身份犯 ;根据主体身份的形成原因 ,可以将身份犯分为自然身份犯与法定身份犯 ;根据主体身份的确定程度 ,可以将身份犯分为定式身份犯与不定式身份犯 ;根据刑法中规定的身份犯的犯罪构成要件的内容是否要求具有特定身份之主体去亲自实施 ,可以将身份犯划分为排他性身份犯和非排他性身份犯。     

Different than the Sum of Its Parts: Examining the Unique Impacts of Immigrant Groups on Neighborhood Crime Rates

Objectives

Examining the immigration-crime nexus across neighborhoods in the Southern California metropolitan region, this study builds on existing literature by unpacking immigration and accounting for the rich diversity that exists between immigrant groups.

Methods

Using data from a variety of sources, we capture this diversity with three different approaches, operationalizing immigrant groups by similar racial/ethnic categories, areas or regions of the world that immigrants emigrate from, and where immigrants co-locate once they settle in the U.S. We also account for the heterogeneity of immigrant populations by constructing measures of immigrant heterogeneity based on each of these classifications. We compare these novel approaches with the standard approach, which combines immigrants together through a single measure of percent foreign born.

Results

The results reveal that considerable insights are gained by distinguishing between diverse groups of immigrants. In particular, we find that all three strategies explained neighborhood crime levels better than the traditional approach.

Conclusion

The findings underscore the necessity of disaggregating immigrant groups when exploring the immigration-crime relationship.

     

论利益归属对犯罪参与类型界分的影响 以财产性犯罪为中心

中外司法实务在区分核心和次要的犯罪参与类型时,惯常地考虑参与人的利益归属情况。特别是对于财产性犯罪,直接突破了以构成要件为中心的区分模式,格外侧重于参与人对经济利益的归属。对此,学界尚未进行充分的理论诠释。在肯定利益归属影响论的基础上,将利益归属作为综合区分标准的影响因子之一的做法,不具有体系理性;将利益归属作为认定参与行为发挥的客观作用的间接事实,未体现关联性;将利益归属作为认定参与人主观意思的情状证据,不具有明确性。犯罪参与类型的区分标准具有递进序列的主客观层次,在确认参与人具有实施构成要件的具体行为能力的基础上,利益归属是推定参与人是否具有实施构成要件的行为意志的间接事实。财产性犯罪具有强烈的追求利益的经济性格,以利益归属推定参与人实施构成要件的行为意志,在财产性犯罪中具有更可靠的推定效果。     

Criminal Exploitation of Online Systems by Organised Crime Groups

This article considers how information and communications technologies (ICT) can be used by organised crime groups to infringe legal and regulatory controls. Three categories of groups are identified: traditional organised criminal groups which make use of ICT to enhance their terrestrial criminal activities; organised cybercriminal groups which operate exclusively online; and organised groups of ideologically and politically motivated individuals who make use of ICT to facilitate their criminal conduct. The activities of each group are then assessed in relation to five areas of risk: the use of online payment systems, online auctions, online gaming, social networking sites and blogs. It is concluded that the distinction between traditional organised crime groups and the other two groups—cybercriminal groups and ideologically/politically motivated cyber groups—is converging, with financially-motivated attacks becoming more targeted. Legislation will need to adapt to deal with new technological developments and threats that organised criminals seek to exploit.

云南少数民族古籍方面的法律保护研究

民族古籍是光辉灿烂的民族文化的重要组成部分。本文作者针对有关法制不完善的现状 ,从运用法律保护少数民族古籍的角度提出了一些见解。     

云南边疆民族地区毒品犯罪透视

云南边疆民族地区毒品犯罪猖獗,农民（包括少数民族）是贩毒的高发群体。这除了跟特殊的地缘位置有紧密联系之外,还与他们自身的弱势地位有关。各种能力的弱势和地理、文化的边缘性在一定程度上推动他们参与贩毒,从而在贩毒方面表现为多体能型、马仔型的特点。要想遏制毒品犯罪,就必须加强边疆地区经济的快速发展,为弱势群体赋权,加强其各方面能力建设。     

试析我国劫持民用航空器犯罪的类型及防范

劫持民用航空器犯罪对航空安全构成极大威胁,通常分为“逃亡型”和“政治斗争手段型”。我国早期的劫持民用航空犯罪基本属于“逃亡型”,随着国际形势的变化“政治斗争手段”成为了发展的主要趋势。因此,应当从立法规制、措施调整以及完善管理体系等多方面建构我国劫持民用航空器犯罪的防控体系。     

Crime and mental disorders among native Dutch and ethnic minority juvenile defendants in the Netherlands

We examined the prevalence of mental disorders and the recommendations regarding criminal responsibility and treatment in pre-trial mental health evaluations requested by Dutch juvenile courts for youths between the ages of 12 to 17. Youths of native Dutch (n = 2694) and of ethnic minority background (n = 1393) were compared. The prevalence of mental disorders was similar for both groups (76.8% versus 74.4%). Criminal responsibility in native Dutch youth was more often considered ‘diminished’ or ‘strongly diminished’ than in ethnic minority youth. Admission to a juvenile institution was more often recommended for ethnic minority juveniles than for native Dutch juveniles. It remains unclear from our data whether these differences reflect a false stereotype of ethnic minority populations as being more dangerous and threatening.     

我国刑法分则各罪立法模式检论

我国刑法分则各罪立法模式究竟是“犯罪既遂模式”,还是“犯罪成立模式”,在刑法学界持续争议了三十多年而未有定论.未有定论的根本原因在于:无论“犯罪既遂模式”,还是“犯罪成立模式”,均非对我国刑法分则各罪立法模式的真实形态描述.学者们主张其中任何一者,均是误读立法的表现,从而造成其理论争锋沦为隔空喊话,难以达成共识.一般而...     

Texas Criminal Defense Attorneys’ Perceptions of Crime Victim Involvement in Criminal Prosecutions

The purpose of this study was to test the utility of the Victim Satisfaction Model of the criminal justice system by quantitatively assessing criminal defense attorneys’ perceptions of victims’ involvement in the charging and plea bargaining stages of the criminal process. A cross-section research design was used in this study. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to defense attorneys who regularly practice criminal law in Texas. The results of this study support the utility of the Victim Satisfaction Model of the criminal justice system and further our understanding of victim involvement in the decision making and have important implications for the American criminal justice system.     

东北地区4个民族ABO血型基因频率的调查分析

目的研究东北地区汉族、满族、蒙古族和朝鲜族人群中ABO基因型及等位基因频率分布特点。方法应用GoldeneyeTMABO基因分型系统共检测1588例4民族人群样本的ABO基因型,并绘制遗传系统发生树。结果 4民族A、B、O基因频率分别为:0.208 9、0.241 5、0.549 6(汉族),0.230 8、0.233 0、0.536 2(满族),0.213 0、0.237 7、0.549 3(蒙古族),0.223 0、0.230 0、0.547 0(朝鲜族)。辽宁满族与吉林满族ABO血型分布存在显著性差异,并在系统发生树中,吉林满族相对其他六个群体,自成一簇。辽宁满族与吉林朝鲜族,辽宁汉族与辽宁蒙古族遗传关系较近。结论东北地区汉、满、蒙、朝4民族人群ABO血型分布状况及基因频率均相对稳定。比较相关群体间遗传距离发现,同地区或近地域内的不同民族群体之间存在一定的基因交流,个别群体又相对独立。     

Police Involvement in Incidents of Physical Assault: Analysis of the Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey

Police involvement in incidents of physical assaults against women has been the subject of considerable research. There is still some debate, however, about the relationship between the social structure of the incident and the level of involvement of the criminal justice system. Using the Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS; U.S. Department of Justice, 1997), this paper looks at several different dimensions of the criminal justice system's involvement in physical assaults against women including calling the police, police response, and arrest. Results suggest that police were more likely to become involved in first time incidents of physical assaults against women and incidents that involved injury. Differences between models, however, suggested that the involvement of the criminal justice system is a multidimensional process.     

论遗弃罪的扩大化——立法对比中的解惑

我国《刑法》中的遗弃罪只规定在有抚养义务的主体不尽抚养义务时才成立,外国刑法对遗弃罪的扩大化规定比中国具有立法优势。对遗弃罪的扩大化规定是社会历史发展的必然。正是回应这一扩大化趋势,有学者对我国的遗弃罪进行了所谓的“当然解释”。不过,这一“当然解释”实质上却是不合理的类推解释。我国遗弃罪的立法漏洞并非法律解释所能填补。要完善中国的遗弃罪,就要进行新的立法。     

The Association Between Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence Experienced by Women

Those who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) are often subjected to multiple types of victimization such as physical violence, sexual violence, psychological aggression, and stalking. However, relatively few studies have used a national population-based sample and multivariate methods to analyze the associations between these different types of violence. This study uses multivariate methods to analyze a national population-based sample of women in order to document empirically the extent to which different types of IPV overlap, while controlling for personal and behavioral characteristics. Results indicated significant levels of overlap, with victims often experiencing more than one type of victimization by an intimate partner. Findings also indicated that women who had experienced violence by non-intimate partners were often more likely to experience violence by intimates. Finally, women who had experienced stalking by an intimate were more likely to experience more forms of IPV on average than those who had experienced physical violence, sexual violence, or emotional aggression.     

抗战时期国民政府田赋征实中的利益集团关系

田赋征实是抗战时期国民政府采取的一项重要财政经济制度,也是国民政府实施的一项较为成功的制度.在该制度实施过程中,国民政府中央与地方、中央各部以及政府与粮户之间,都存在着一定的矛盾和分歧,各个利益集团都在追求自身利益的最大化.难能可贵的是,在中华民族的特殊时期,各方在追求各自利益最大化的同时,又作出一定程度的让步,最终在各自之间达到了一种均衡,这种均衡是推动田赋征实实施成功的动力,也是中国抗战取得胜利的条件之一.