Anorectal trauma. Medicolegal and forensic aspects

A review of both deliberate and accidental anorectal trauma is presented. The mechanisms and types of injuries as well as the complications are discussed. Injuries resulting from sexual assaults are discussed in detail.     

Medicolegal aspects of infanticide in Hokkaido District, Japan

Since 1978, a total of 55 infanticides were investigated by our department (16.9% of the total number of medicolegal autopsies). This article describes the infanticides in the Hokkaido district of northern Japan. The characteristic finding for the cause of death was drowning in the toilet. This mode of killing seems to be chosen because of the style of toilet in the district, which includes a collecting tank for feces and urine under the commode.     

Medicolegal aspects of necrotizing fasciitis of the neck

Necrotizing fasciitis of the neck (NFN) is a relatively rare, fulminating infectious process of the cervicofacial tissues which may cause sudden and unexpected death. Although often the result of a dental infection, injuries of the soft tissues of the neck may also initiate rampant cellulitis, and recognition of the underlying etiology of such cases is necessary to determine properly the manner of death. Five cases of NFN are presented with a review of the causative factors and usual bacteriology, and specific factors of medicolegal interest are addressed.     

Medicolegal aspects of 3 cases of bizarre self-mutilation

Three cases of bizarre self-mutilation are reported because of the unusual methods used and the unexpected good sequel in one of them.     

美国知识产权滥用

美国是以判例法为主的国家。知识产权权利滥用理论的出现和发展也是以司法判例尤其是关于专利权的判例为基础,专利权滥用最有名的判例是莫顿食盐案。①美国最高联邦法院明确支持滥用抗辩,此案也是第一个专利权滥用判决,而且确立为具有法律效力的抗辨。其次是镭射梳案,②此案涉及到版权滥用。依判例法逻辑推理,在商标权领域,滥用抗辨也具有法律效力。     

Medicolegal aspects of death of patients with cerebral palsy in Japan

A total of 24 cases of patients who had had cerebral palsy, recorded between 1980 and 1986, in the Annuals of the Medico-Legal Autopsy Cases in Japan, were investigated to determine their ages and causes of death. Fourteen died of illness, four in accidents, and six by murder. Most of those dead of illness had been under the age of 16, and the disease most frequently cited as a cause of death was pneumonia. The four persons who died by accident were over 16 years old. All of the six murder victims were killed by their mother.     

U.S. CLS

This essay offers a brief account of the rise of cls thought in the United States and of its development within a largely hostile legal academy. As the essay suggests, cls thought has been variously deformed, arrested, normalized, and diffused – leaving the contemporary American legal academy in a state of suspended animation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

美国上市公司私有化相关法律问题

近两年,中石油、中石化等纷纷对旗下的上市子公司发起了以终止上市为目的的要约收购,并宣称流通股股票终止上市交易后,收购人可能择机将这些上市子公司依法变更为全资有限责任公司或依法取消其独立法人地位,媒体称     

关于美国变性人歧视问题介绍

变性人在就业、教育、医疗保险等很多领域遭受歧视,本文分析变性人在这些领域遭受的歧视。对于如何解决歧视问题,需要各种政策和措施,尤其需要政府予以立法来保护变性人的权利。     

美国形象权法研究

一　引　言形象权是指人们对自己的身份进行商业性使用的权利。① 其中的身份 ,包括人的姓名、肖像等等。其中的使用 ,包括自己的商业性使用和许可他人的商业性使用 ,如许可他人在商品上或广告上使用自己的姓名和肖像等等。未经许可而商业性地使用他人的身份 ,就是对他人形象权的侵犯 ,属于不正当竞争行为。与此相应 ,保护形象权的法律也是反不正当竞争法的一个组成部分。形象权起源于隐私权。在美国 ,隐私权的起源可以追溯到 1 890年由沃伦和布兰蒂斯所写的论文“关于隐私的权利”。② 他们在文章中论证说 ,法律应当承认隐私权 ,禁止擅自公…     

关于美国变性人歧视问题介绍

变性人在就业、教育、医疗保险等很多领域遭受歧视，本文分析变性人在这些领域遭受的歧视。对于如何解决歧视问题，需要各种政策和措施，尤其需要政府予以立法来保护变性人的权利。     

美国犯罪成立要件与证明责任分配

美国犯罪成立要件包括两方面的内容:犯罪表面成立要件和犯罪实质成立要件.前者是指行为与心态,后者是指无罪辩护事由不成立.在犯罪成立要件证明责任划分上,美国刑事诉讼中通常要求控诉方将犯罪表面成立要件证明到排除合理怀疑的程度,犯罪成立实质要件的说服责任通常也由控诉方承担,只是在例外的情况下才由辩护方承担说服责任.在犯罪成立要件与证明责任分配的关系上,犯罪成立实体要件是刑事证明责任分配的关键内容,犯罪成立实体要件的结构决定了证明责任的分配,证明责任的分配实现了犯罪成立实体要件的机能.     

美国合同的分类研究

美国法学界对合同的分类有与我国相同的,也有不同的。根据合同是否具有法律的约束力,法学家们将合同分成有效合同、无效合同、可撤销合同与没有强制力的合同四种;根据合同成立时承诺人采用的方法不同,合同可分为双边合同与单边合同;根据订立合同时所需要的方式或者格式划分,合同可以分为要式合同与非要式合同两种;根据合同当事人在创立合同时的意思表示方式不同,合同可分为明示合同与默示合同;根据合同形成的方式不同,可将合同分为准合同与真实合同。对待不同类型的合同法院有着与之相适应的处理方法。     

论美国犯人的法律权利

被监禁罪犯的权利状况,在一定程度上可以展示一个社会的刑罚进化程度。但被监禁犯人的权利和优惠待遇是有区别的。在美国,宪法、制定法、判例、法规和国际法构成了犯人权利的法律基础。美国犯人的法律权利是通过大量诉讼和犯人权利运动获得的。美国犯人享有宗教自由权、言论自由权、获得法律帮助权、医疗权、受保护权、矫正机构惩罚和纪律方面的权利、平等保护权等7大类权利和大量的具体权利。这些权利具有实然性、多样性和具体性的特点。     

2002年度美国影响最大的知识产权案件

去年底,美国《国家法律杂志》刊登Lewis R.Clayton的文章,总结出2002年度影响最大的12件知识产权案件。这些案件被挑选出来,不是因为诉讼双方的名气很大或涉案值很高,而是因为法庭的裁决应用了新的原则,对法律作出了新的诠释,或者,是法庭的裁决引起了较大的争议。为此,我们特对这些案件作一简略介绍,以飨读者。     

低速中的高速--赴美知识产权培训考察有感

2002年3月27日至4月17日,笔者有幸参加了国家知识产权局组织的中国西部地区赴美知识产权培训考察团,在关期间,走访了伍德柏瑞大学(美中商学院)、加州理工大学技术转让中心、加州专利信息中心、加州企业孵化中心、美国国会图书馆(版权局)、美国专利商标局、斯坦福大学和数家高新技术公司,与美国联邦政府、加州的有关官员、知识产权专家及企业管理人员等,就广泛的知识产权话题进行了交流和探讨,对美当前的知识产权保护状况有了一个比较清晰的了解。 I总的臆罟县.苇围的绎济吊屉h千低诛和调{     

“同源分流”与“殊途同归”——英美法律教育发展路向之比较

英国和美国都具有学徒制法律职业教育的传统,但是在本国法律文化和社会实际的影响下,英国和美国的法律教育后来又采取了不同的具体模式。虽然具体形式不同,但英美法律教育都最终走上了学术性与实践性相结合的道路。但是,单就法学院本身而言,英国和美国的法学院法律教育还存在性质、地位和教学等方面的巨大差异。     

U.S. SOCIAL STRUCTURE, CRIME, AND IMPRISONMENT

This research develops a structural model of crime and imprisonment in the United States from data on 49 states which was evaluated through a series of path and regression analyses. The major findings revealed that crime rates were effectively predicted by social structural characteristics, primarily urban population characteristics, and in turn that prison admissions were predicted by crime rates. Prison releases were not as strongly influenced by structural characteristics as crime rates and prison admissions; however, prison admissions were found to significantly affect releases. Variations in social structural determinants of violent and property crimes were also observed. The implication of these results ore discussed and suggestions for future research are presented.     

Race,Place, and Police-Caused Homicide in U.S. Municipalities

We test structural hypotheses regarding police-caused homicides of minorities. Past research has tested minority threat and community violence hypotheses. The former maintains that relatively large minority populations are subjectively perceived as threats and experience a higher incidence of police-caused homicide than whites do, the latter that higher rates of violent crime among minorities create objective threats that explain these disparities. That research has largely ignored some important issues, including: alternative specifications of the minority threat hypothesis; the place hypothesis, which maintains highly segregated minority populations are perceived as especially threatening by police; and police-caused homicide in the Hispanic population. Using data for large U.S. cities, we conducted total-incidence and group-specific analyses to address these issues. A curvilinear minority threat hypothesis was supported by the Hispanic group-specific findings, whereas the place hypothesis found strong support in both total and group-specific analyses. These results provide new insights into patterns of police-caused homicide.     

Population Size, Change, and Crime in U.S. Cities

The sometimes noted contradiction between cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships concerning city population size and crime rates is reexamined using more complex analytic procedures, controlling for extraneous variables, and allowing for non-monotonic relationships. Instead of a simple cross-sectional relationship between population size and crime rates, the more sophisticated analysis reveals either no association or a quadratic relationship. Similarly, instead of a simple lack of longitudinal relationship or a negative one, the more complicated analysis shows a non-monotonic pattern for three of six offenses. However, we contend that these divergent patterns for cross-sectional relative to longitudinal data are not necessarily indicative of an “anomaly.” Instead, they represent different aspects of a dynamic process in need of more extensive theorizing. Finally, the cross-sectional results showing that city size and crime rates are either not linked or when linked are in a non-monotonic pattern call into question one of the accepted relationships in criminology that have long guided thinking about crime.